Table 2. Risk Factors for Acquiring HAI in ICU.
| Risk factors | No. of patients (total = 2618), n | Patients with HAI (total = 424), n (%) | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 1656 | 271 (16.4) | 1.03 (0.83–1.28) | 0.758 | 1.22 (0.94–1.59) | 0.137 |
| Female | 962 | 153 (15.9) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Missing | 0 | 141 | ||||
| Age group | ||||||
| 18–60 years | 1344 | 202 (15.0) | Reference | Reference | ||
| > 60 years | 1274 | 222 (17.4) | 1.19 (0.97–1.47) | 0.097 | 1.17 (0.90–1.52) | 0.233 |
| Missing | 0 | 141 | ||||
| Location of patients at admission to ICU | ||||||
| Community and others | 1352 | 144 (10.7) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Same hospital | 655 | 171 (26.1) | 2.96 (2.32–3.79) | < 0.001 | 1.49 (1.09–2.04) | 0.013 |
| Other hospital | 507 | 109 (21.5) | 2.30 (1.75–3.02) | < 0.001 | 1.23 (0.87–1.72) | 0.239 |
| Missing | 104 | 141 | ||||
| Reason for admission | ||||||
| Medical disease | 1029 | 120 (11.7) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Infectious disease | 1106 | 214 (19.3) | 1.82 (1.43–2.31) | < 0.001 | 0.91 (0.67–1.23) | 0.536 |
| Surgery | 368 | 90 (24.5) | 2.45 (1.81–3.32) | < 0.001 | 0.73 (0.45–1.19) | 0.214 |
| Missing | 115 | 141 | ||||
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| No comorbidity | 1560 | 250 (16.0) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Have comorbidity | 972 | 171 (17.6) | 1.12 (0.90–1.38) | 0.303 | 0.90 (0.70–1.17) | 0.445 |
| Missing | 86 | 141 | ||||
| Surgery after admission | ||||||
| Non surgery | 2009 | 219 (10.9) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Minor surgery | 252 | 93 (36.9) | 4.78 (3.57–6.40) | < 0.001 | 1.67 (1.16–2.41) | 0.005 |
| Major surgery | 354 | 112 (31.6) | 3.78 (2.90–4.93) | < 0.001 | 1.66 (1.06–2.58) | 0.025 |
| Missing | 3 | 141 | ||||
| Intubation | ||||||
| Yes | 1252 | 346 (27.6) | 6.31 (4.86–8.18) | < 0.001 | 2.76 (2.03–3.75) | < 0.001 |
| No | 1366 | 78 (5.7) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Missing | 0 | 141 | ||||
| Central vascular catheter | ||||||
| Yes | 693 | 197 (28.4) | 2.97 (2.39–3.68) | < 0.001 | 1.47 (1.05–2.06) | 0.026 |
| No | 1925 | 227 (11.8) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Missing | 0 | 141 | ||||
| Urinary catheter | ||||||
| Yes | 1226 | 312 (25.4) | 3.90 (3.09–4.92) | < 0.001 | 2.12 (1.57–2.87) | < 0.001 |
| No | 1392 | 112 (8.0) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Missing | 0 | 141 | ||||
| Hemodialysis | ||||||
| Yes | 203 | 51 (25.1) | 1.84 (1.31–2.57) | < 0.001 | 1.34 (0.87–2.08) | 0.188 |
| No | 2415 | 373 (15.4) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Missing | 0 | 141 | ||||
| Peripheral vascular catheter | ||||||
| Yes | 2202 | 321 (14.6) | 0.52 (0.40–0.67) | < 0.001 | 1.47 (1.02–2.12) | 0.037 |
| No | 416 | 103 (24.8) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Missing | 0 | 141 | ||||
| Family involved patient care | ||||||
| Yes | 1717 | 190 (11.1) | Reference | Reference | ||
| No | 901 | 234 (26.0) | 2.82 (2.28–3.48) | < 0.001 | 1.94 (1.49–2.51) | < 0.001 |
| Missing | 0 | 141 | ||||
| Each day longer from ICU admission to survey time | ||||||
| In analysis | 2513 | 424 (16.9) | 1.08 (1.07–1.10) | < 0.001 | 1.08 (1.07–1.10) | < 0.001 |
| Missing | 105 | 141 | ||||
For multivariate regression analysis:
- Omnibus test of model coefficients: -2 Log likelihood 1720.120, Chi-square (538.055, df 16, p < 0.001)
- Nagelkerke R-Square: 0.326
- Hosmer & Lemeshow test (Chi-square 10.592, df 8, p = 0.226)
- Classification accuracy: 85.3% (97.0% for no HAI, 28.0% for HAI, with cut value is 0.50).