Figure 1.

Experimental design for Experiment 1 and Experiment 2. Composite pictures that included positive, negative, or neutral object on neutral background were shown at encoding. Differences between the two experiments are highlighted with an asterisk and include: encoding time (Expt. 1 = 5 seconds/picture; Expt. 2 = 3 seconds/picture), study/test delay (Expt. 1 = 5 min delay; Expt. 2 = 30 min delay), and retrieval design (Expt. 1 = between subjects, participants see only objects or only backgrounds as recall cues. All cues are old; Expt. 2 = within subjects, intermixed object and background cues, recognition and recall task, includes both old and new images). In Experiment 2, cues from a particular scene were sorted based on whether they came first or second. In this hypothetical example, in the studied scene that included the skunk on the roof, the roof was the first cue, while the skunk was the second cue.