Table 1. Characteristics of subjects in three groups with different exposure levels of TEQ-PCDDs/Fs in breast milk.
| TEQ-PCDDs/Fs groups | Low | Middle | High | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | P-value | |
| Boys | Number of subjects | 39 | 39 | 25 | ||||
| Maternal age | 26.3 | 4.3 | 27.9 | 6.5 | 30.9 | 5.7 | ** | |
| Maternal education (years) | 9.4 | 2.5 | 8.6 | 3.6 | 8.2 | 4.0 | ||
| Family income (VNDsx103/month) | 3012 | 1620 | 3167 | 1462 | 2733 | 1420 | ||
| Parity (primiparae rate (%)) | 15.4 | 34.2 | 29.2 | |||||
| Child age (months) | 62.3 | 1.6 | 62.2 | 1.7 | 61.7 | 1.8 | ||
| Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 39.7 | 0.9 | 39.5 | 0.6 | 39.7 | 0.7 | ||
| Birthweight (g) | 3335 | 357 | 3220 | 384 | 3241 | 460 | ||
| Weight (kg) at the survey | 20.2 | 3.8 | 20.1 | 4.0 | 19.3 | 4.8 | ||
| Height (cm) at the survey | 109.1 | 3.5 | 109.4 | 4.4 | 103.7 | 19.6 | ||
| Head circum (cm) at the survey | 50.9 | 1.4 | 50.7 | 1.1 | 50.7 | 1.8 | ||
| Abdominal circum (cm) at the survey | 55.2 | 6.0 | 55.3 | 6.7 | 54.1 | 6.5 | ||
| BMI at the survey | 16.9 | 2.4 | 16.7 | 2.5 | 16.4 | 2.8 | ||
| TCDD (pg/g lipid) | 0.86 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 1.5 | ** | |
| TEQ-PCDDs/Fs (pg-TEQ/g lipid) | 8.3 | 1.3 | 13.9 | 1.1 | 21.1 | 1.2 | ** | |
| Girls | Number of subjects | 26 | 26 | 26 | ||||
| Maternal age | 27.0 | 5.2 | 27.9 | 6.4 | 31.0 | 6.6 | ||
| Maternal education (years) | 8.0 | 3.7 | 8.4 | 4.2 | 8.3 | 3.2 | ||
| Family income (VNDsx103/month) | 2965 | 1745 | 2759 | 1294 | 2907 | 1822 | ||
| Parity (primiparae rate (%)) | 23.1 | 34.8 | 22.2 | |||||
| Child age (months) | 61.8 | 1.9 | 62.0 | 1.8 | 61.7 | 1.7 | ||
| Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 39.7 | 0.7 | 39.4 | 0.8 | 39.5 | 0.9 | ||
| Birthweight (g) | 3125 | 368 | 3096 | 350 | 3322 | 351 | ||
| Weight (kg) at the survey | 17.5 | 3.5 | 19.5 | 4.5 | 18.4 | 3.5 | ||
| Height (cm) at the survey | 107.7 | 4.6 | 109.6 | 4.4 | 106.8 | 3.9 | ||
| Head circum (cm) at the survey | 49.5 | 1.5 | 50.0 | 1.5 | 49.6 | 1.7 | ||
| Abdominal circum (cm) at the survey | 51.6 | 5.2 | 54.4 | 7.5 | 53.3 | 6.4 | ||
| BMI at the survey | 15.0 | 2.2 | 16.1 | 2.9 | 16.0 | 2.3 | ||
| TCDD (pg/g lipid) | 0.62 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 3.3 | 1.7 | ** | |
| TEQ-PCDDs/Fs (pg-TEQ/g lipid) | 7.2 | 1.4 | 14.4 | 1.1 | 22.6 | 1.3 | ** | |
High TEQ-PCDDs/Fs group: TEQ-PCDDs/Fs ≥ 17.6pg-TEQ/g lipid, Moderate TEQ-PCDDs/Fs group: 11.5–17.6, Low TEQ-PCDDs/Fs group: <11.5
SD: standard deviation, VND: Vietnam Dong, Head circum: Head circumference, Abdominal circum: Abdominal circumference
Mean and SD of dioxin concentrations are geometric ones.
**: P<0.01: compared with low TEQ-PCDDs/Fs group