Table 2.
Description of main exposures according to socioeconomic and maternal characteristics of the 1982 Pelotas birth cohort
| Subjects' characteristics | n | Birth weight z-score∗ |
Gestational age (≥37 wk) |
Weight for age z score at 2 y |
Weight for length z-score at 2 y |
Length for age z-score at 2 y |
Weight for age z-score at 4 y |
Weight for height z-score at 4 y |
Height for age z-score at 4 y |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
P value Mean (SD) |
P value N (%) |
P value Mean (SD) |
P value Mean (SD) |
P value Mean (SD) |
P value Mean (SD) |
P value Mean (SD) |
P value Mean (SD) |
||
| Males | |||||||||
| Family income at birth (minimum wages) | <0.001 | 0.10 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001† | <0.001† | <0.001† | <0.001† | |
| ≤1 | 666 | −0.51 (1.02) | 387 (83.4) | −0.79 (1.16) | −0.06 (1.03) | −1.29 (1.18) | −0.40 (1.04) | 0.52 (0.96) | −1.29 (1.18) |
| 1.1–3 | 1463 | −0.29 (1.01) | 1001 (86.8) | −0.36 (1.12) | 0.13 (1.03) | −0.79 (1.06) | −0.04 (1.02) | 0.56 (1.02) | −0.70 (1.06) |
| 3.1–6 | 544 | −0.13 (1.05) | 406 (86.4) | −0.04 (1.09) | 0.26 (1.02) | −0.37 (1.06) | 0.24 (1.04) | 0.66 (1.08) | −0.35 (0.98) |
| >6 | 351 | −0.01 (1.02) | 281 (89.5) | 0.31 (1.11) | 0.48 (0.99) | −0.05 (1.02) | 0.66 (1.18) | 0.93 (1.20) | 0.05 (0.96) |
| Maternal schooling (y) | <0.001† | 0.080 | <0.001† | <0.001 | <0.001† | <0.001† | <0.001 | <0.001† | |
| 0–4 | 1008 | −0.36 (1.08) | 630 (86.5) | −0.64 (1.18) | 0.01 (1.05) | −1.11 (1.19) | −0.28 (1.06) | 0.51 (1.00) | −1.06 (1.19) |
| 5–8 | 1288 | −0.31 (1.02) | 879 (84.7) | −0.35 (1.11) | 0.12 (1.02) | −0.75 (1.07) | −0.02 (1.01) | 0.59 (1.02) | −0.71 (1.04) |
| 9–11 | 330 | −0.07 (0.98) | 250 (89.9) | 0.11 (1.07) | 0.39 (0.97) | −0.28 (0.94) | 0.37 (1.07) | 0.70 (1.13) | −0.18 (0.93) |
| ≥12 | 406 | 0.06 (0.98) | 319 (88.4) | 0.28 (1.08) | 0.45 (1.00) | −0.06 (0.99) | 0.59 (1.13) | 0.85 (1.17) | 0.03 (0.97) |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy | <0.001 | 0.08 | <0.001 | 0.71 | <0.001 | 0.01† | 0.14† | <0.001 | |
| No | 1946 | −0.15 (1.01) | 1381 (87.3) | −0.23 (1.16) | 0.17 (1.04) | −0.60 (1.12) | 0.06 (1.06) | 0.59 (1.01) | −0.58 (1.11) |
| Yes | 1091 | −0.49 (1.03) | 699 (84.7) | −0.43 (1.18) | 0.15 (1.02) | −0.94 (1.15) | −0.05 (1.14) | 0.65 (1.12) | −0.83 (1.15) |
| Maternal prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | <0.001† | 0.34 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001† | <0.001† | <0.001† | <0.001† | |
| First quartile (≤20.1) | 645 | −0.48 (0.91) | 432 (84.4) | −0.53 (1.09) | −0.06 (0.99) | −0.83 (1.08) | −0.27 (0.95) | 0.26 (0.93) | −0.77 (1.02) |
| Second quartile (20.2–21.9) | 650 | −0.34 (0.97) | 467 (87.0) | −0.32 (1.13) | 0.12 (1.00) | −0.69 (1.19) | 0.00 (1.04) | 0.56 (0.96) | −0.64 (1.13) |
| Third quartile (22–24.6) | 652 | −0.24 (1.01) | 467 (86.0) | −0.18 (1.14) | 0.27 (1.02) | −0.65 (1.09) | 0.18 (1.12) | 0.76 (1.12) | −0.57 (1.11) |
| Fourth quartile (≥24.7) | 619 | 0.03 (1.15) | 440 (88.2) | −0.05 (1.18) | 0.35 (1.05) | −0.53 (1.10) | 0.26 (1.09) | 0.82 (1.04) | −0.49 (1.12) |
| Females | |||||||||
| Family income at birth (minimum wages) | <0.001 | 0.50 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001† | <0.001† | <0.001† | |
| ≤1 | 622 | −0.53 (1.07) | 358 (86.3) | −0.72 (1.13) | −0.02 (1.05) | −1.21 (1.14) | −0.48 (0.99) | 0.33 (0.88) | −1.20 (1.12) |
| 1.1–3 | 1325 | −0.23 (1.03) | 903 (86.3) | −0.29 (1.11) | 0.17 (1.04) | −0.69 (1.07) | −0.10 (0.96) | 0.47 (0.94) | −0.71 (1.02) |
| 3.1–6 | 547 | −0.21 (1.05) | 420 (89.0) | −0.11 (1.19) | 0.41 (1.11) | −0.31 (1.07) | 0.35 (1.09) | 0.75 (1.10) | −0.28 (1.08) |
| >6 | 366 | 0.07 (0.99) | 280 (86.7) | 0.30 (1.12) | 0.46 (1.02) | −0.06 (1.12) | 0.37 (0.97) | 0.67 (0.96) | −0.14 (0.96) |
| Maternal schooling (y) | <0.001† | 0.791 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001† | <0.001† | <0.001† | <0.001† | |
| 0–4 | 952 | −0.33 (1.04) | 561 (87.7) | −0.62 (1.15) | 0.01 (1.04) | −1.07 (1.13) | −0.36 (1.02) | 0.40 (0.94) | −1.08 (1.10) |
| 5–8 | 1166 | −0.28 (1.09) | 818 (86.3) | −0.22 (1.10) | 0.22 (1.04) | −0.64 (1.08) | −0.04 (0.95) | 0.51 (0.89) | −0.66 (1.01) |
| 9–11 | 324 | −0.12 (1.01) | 246 (88.2) | 0.14 (1.22) | 0.39 (1.13) | −0.26 (1.14) | 0.31 (1.08) | 0.64 (1.11) | −0.21 (1.00) |
| ≥12 | 432 | −0.09 (0.98) | 345 (86.7) | 0.31 (1.10) | 0.47 (1.04) | −0.04 (0.99) | 0.42 (1.02) | 0.73 (1.10) | −0.12 (1.01) |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy (y) | <0.001† | 0.47 | <0.001 | 0.16 | <0.001† | <0.001† | 0.85† | <0.001 | |
| No | 1864 | −0.10 (1.05) | 1296 (86.6) | −0.15 (1.19) | 0.23 (1.07) | −0.54 (1.16) | 0.04 (1.06) | 0.54 (1.00) | −0.56 (1.10) |
| Yes | 1012 | −0.53 (0.99) | 674 (87.7) | −0.37 (1.14) | 0.17 (1.04) | −0.83 (1.09) | −0.15 (0.98) | 0.50 (0.91) | −0.84 (1.06) |
| Maternal prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | <0.001† | 0.66 | <0.001† | <0.001† | <0.001 | <0.001† | <0.001† | 0.003 | |
| First quartile (≤20.1) | 595 | −0.50 (0.97) | 418 (86.5) | −0.51 (1.04) | −0.08 (0.94) | −0.76 (1.09) | −0.28 (0.92) | 0.23 (0.86) | −0.76 (1.00) |
| Second quartile (20.2–21.9) | 610 | −0.35 (0.95) | 424 (85.8) | −0.16 (1.13) | 0.27 (1.07) | −0.58 (1.12) | −0.02 (0.98) | 0.49 (0.88) | −0.59 (1.09) |
| Third quartile (22–24.6) | 588 | −0.19 (1.01) | 441 (88.4) | −0.07 (1.18) | 0.35 (1.06) | −0.54 (1.14) | 0.06 (1.04) | 0.57 (0.94) | −0.56 (1.11) |
| Fourth quartile (≥24.7) | 616 | 0.12 (1.13) | 446 (87.5) | 0.04 (1.24) | 0.41 (1.15) | −0.44 (1.05) | 0.26 (1.11) | 0.82 (1.07) | −0.51 (1.09) |
BMI, body mass index
∗
According William's curve.
†
Kruskal Wallis' test.