Figure 9. Model showing the mechanisms by which GWL overexpression promotes AKT hyperphosphorylation and hyperactivation in human cells.
Black arrows represent pathways favoured by GWL overexpression.Grey arrows represent disfavoured pathways in GWL overexpressed cells. Dashed arrows represent indirect effect of GWL on GSK3 dephosphoryaltion and reactivation. R: Membrane receptor.