Table 1.
Measures of Age-5 Family Factors and Age-5 and Age-12 Mental Health
| Measure | Informant | Description | Instrument | Sample Distribution M (SD) or % |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age 5 y | |||||
| Family factors | |||||
| SES | Parents | 3 groups (split by tertile) based on a standardized composite of income, parents’ education, and social class. | N/A | 33.2% (low) | 48 |
| Maternal depression | Mother | Lifetime diagnosis of a major depressive episode. | Diagnostic Interview Schedule; DSM-IV | 35.0% | 49, 50 |
| Parental antisocial behavior | Mother | Lifetime presence of symptoms of conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder. Children were coded as having an antisocial parent if either parent had 3 or more antisocial personality symptoms. | Young Adult Self-Report; DSM-IV | 27.6% | 50, 51 |
| Physical maltreatment | Mother | Standardized clinical interview. Children were coded as having experienced maltreatment based on mothers’ report of the severity of discipline, her concerns that someone else may have harmed the child, and the interviewer’s rating of the likelihood that the child had been maltreated. | Interview protocol from the Multisite Child Development Project | 13.8% | 52, 53, 54 |
| Mental health | |||||
| Emotional problems | Mother and teacher | Sum of items on withdrawn/depressed and somatic subscales. Total scores standardized and averaged across raters. | CBCL; TRF | 0 (1) | 31, 32 |
| Behavioral problems | Mother and teacher | Sum of items on delinquency and aggression subscales, summed across raters and standardized. | CBCL; TRF | 0 (1) | 31, 32 |
| ADHD symptoms | Mother and teacher | Sum of items on inattentive, impulsive, and hyperactivity scales, summed across raters and standardized. | CBCL; TRF | 0 (1) | 31, 32 |
| Age 12 y | |||||
| Mental health | |||||
| Depression | Self-report | Total score of 27 items. | CDI | 3.11 (5.32) | 55, 56 |
| Anxiety | Self-report | Total score of 10 items | MASC | 7.62 (3.04) | 57 |
| Conduct problems | Self-report | Self-report survey administered via computer. Questions were designed to map onto the diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder. | DSM-IV | 2.46 (2.94) | 50 |
Note: Ages are given in years. CBCL = Child Behavior Checklist; CDI = Children’s Depression Inventory; MASC = Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children; N/A = not applicable; SES = socioeconomic status. TRF = Teacher’s Report Form.