Table 3.
Concurrent Associations Between Social Isolation and Mental Health at Ages 5 and 12 Years, Controlling for Other Mental Health Problems and Family Factors
| Age-5 Mental Health Problems | Age-5 Social Isolationa |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate RRR (95% CI) | High RRR (95% CI) | |||
| Emotional problems (unadjusted) | 3.81 | (3.18, 4.57) | 7.91 | (6.23, 10.05) |
| Adjusted for age-5 behavioral problems and ADHD | 3.33 | (2.76, 4.03) | 6.43 | (5.01, 8.24) |
| Adjusted for age-5 behavioral problems, ADHD, and family factorsb | 3.33 | (2.75, 4.03) | 6.53 | (5.04, 8.46) |
| Behavioral problems (unadjusted) | 1.92 | (1.69, 2.20) | 2.73 | (2.34, 3.19) |
| Adjusted for age-5 emotional problems and ADHD | 1.51 | (1.26, 1.82) | 1.41 | (1.11, 1.79) |
| Adjusted for age-5 emotional problems, ADHD, and family factorsb | 1.50 | (1.24, 1.81) | 1.42 | (1.12, 1.81) |
| ADHD symptoms (unadjusted) | 1.65 | (1.45, 1.88) | 2.86 | (2.45, 3.34) |
| Adjusted for age-5 emotional and behavioral problems | 1.08 | (0.90, 1.30) | 1.89 | (1.50, 2.39) |
| Adjusted for age-5 emotional and behavioral problems and family factorsb | 1.09 | (0.91, 1.31) | 1.94 | (1.54, 2.44) |
| Age-12 Mental Health Problems | Age-12 Social Isolationa |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate RRR (95% CI) | High RRR (95% CI) | |||
| Depression (unadjusted) | 1.05 | (1.02, 1.07) | 1.12 | (1.10, 1.14) |
| Adjusted for age-12 anxiety and conduct problems | 1.03 | (1.00, 1.05) | 1.09 | (1.07, 1.11) |
| Adjusted for age-12 anxiety and conduct problems and age-5 family factorsc | 1.03 | (1.00, 1.05) | 1.09 | (1.07, 1.11) |
| Anxiety (unadjusted) | 1.09 | (1.05, 1.14) | 1.13 | (1.07, 1.19) |
| Adjusted for age-12 depression and conduct problems | 1.07 | (1.02, 1.12) | 1.05 | (0.99, 1.11) |
| Adjusted for age-12 depression and conduct problems and age-5 family factorsc | 1.07 | (1.02, 1.11) | 1.04 | (0.99, 1.10) |
| Conduct problems (unadjusted) | 1.10 | (1.05, 1.15) | 1.19 | (1.14, 1.24) |
| Adjusted for age-12 depression and anxiety | 1.08 | (1.04, 1.13) | 1.14 | (1.09, 1.19) |
| Adjusted for age-12 depression and anxiety and age-5 family factorsc | 1.06 | (1.01, 1.12) | 1.12 | (1.07, 1.17) |
Note: All analyses adjusted for gender. Boldface type indicates significance. ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; RRR = relative risk ratio.
a
Social isolation base category: low.
b
Socioeconomic status (SES), maternal depression, and physical maltreatment.
c
SES, parental antisocial behavior, and physical maltreatment.