Table 4.
Longitudinal Associations Between Social Isolation and Mental Health at Ages 5 and 12 Years, Controlling for Other Mental Health Problems and Family Factors
| Age-5 Social Isolationb | Age-12 Mental Health Problems |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression (B, 95% CI)a | Anxiety (B, 95% CI)a | Conduct Problems (B, 95% CI)a | ||||
| Moderate (unadjusted) | 1.18 | (0.39, 1.98) | 0.45 | (0.04, 0.85) | 0.56 | (0.16, 0.97) |
| Adjusted for age-5 emotional and behavioral problems and ADHD | 0.49 | (–0.24, 1.23) | 0.24 | (–0.18, 0.66) | 0.30 | (–0.10, 0.71) |
| Adjusted for age-5 emotional and behavioral problems, ADHD and family factorsc | 0.50 | (–0.24, 1.24) | 0.25 | (–0.17, 0.67) | 0.29 | (–0.11, 0.69) |
| High (unadjusted) | 2.09 | (0.95, 3.23) | 0.84 | (0.31, 1.36) | 0.50 | (0.03, 0.98) |
| Adjusted for age-5 emotional and behavioral problems and ADHD | 0.58 | (–0.75, 1.92) | 0.35 | (–0.24, 0.94) | −0.06 | (−0.61, 0.48) |
| Adjusted for age-5 emotional and behavioral problems, ADHD and family factorsc | 0.64 | (−0.70, 1.97) | 0.40 | (−0.19, 0.98) | −0.02 | (−0.57, 0.53) |
| Age-5 Mental Health Problems | Age-12 Social Isolationb |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate RRR (95% CI) | High RRR (95% CI) | |||
| Emotional problems (unadjusted) | 1.47 | (1.26, 1.72) | 2.01 | (1.71, 2.37) |
| Adjusted for age-5 behavioral problems and ADHD | 1.25 | (1.06, 1.48) | 1.47 | (1.23, 1.75) |
| Adjusted for age-5 behavioral problems, ADHD, and family factorsd | 1.21 | (1.02, 1.43) | 1.42 | (1.19, 1.69) |
| Adjusted for age-5 behavioral problems, ADHD, family factors,d and social isolation | 1.12 | (0.93, 1.36) | 1.13 | (0.93, 1.37) |
| Behavioral problems (unadjusted) | 1.57 | (1.38, 1.79) | 2.19 | (1.92, 2.50) |
| Adjusted for age-5 emotional problems and ADHD | 1.31 | (1.10, 1.56) | 1.43 | (1.20, 1.70) |
| Adjusted for age-5 emotional problems, ADHD, and family factorsd | 1.24 | (1.05, 1.48) | 1.38 | (1.16, 1.66) |
| Adjusted for age-5 emotional problems, ADHD, family factors,d and social isolation | 1.22 | (1.02, 1.46) | 1.31 | (1.10, 1.57) |
| ADHD symptoms (unadjusted) | 1.51 | (1.33, 1.71) | 2.29 | (2.00, 2.63) |
| Adjusted for age-5 emotional and behavioral problems | 1.21 | (1.02, 1.43) | 1.67 | (1.39, 2.00) |
| Adjusted for age-5 emotional and behavioral problems and family factorsd | 1.19 | (1.00, 1.41) | 1.64 | (1.37, 1.97) |
| Adjusted for age-5 emotional and behavioral problems, family factors,d and social isolation | 1.18 | (0.99, 1.39) | 1.55 | (1.29, 1.87) |
Note: All analyses adjusted for gender. Boldface type indicates significance. ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; RRR = relative risk ratio.
a
Regression coefficient (95% CI).
b
Social isolation base category: low.
c
Socioeconomic status (SES), maternal depression, and physical maltreatment.
d
SES, parental antisocial behavior, and physical maltreatment.