Table 1.

Mouse Models of TH and UCP Thermogenesis

Genetic Mouse Models	Obligatory Thermogenic Phenotype	Facultative Thermogenic Phenotype	References
UCP1−/−	Normal baseline temperature	Hypothermia in response to cold	Enerback et al (1997) (42)
			Gong et al (2000) (36)
			Golozoubova et al (2006)
UCP3−/−	Normal baseline temperature	Normal thermogenesis in response to cold, hypothermia in response to sympathomimetics	Mills et al (2003) (72)
			Vidal-Puig et al (2000) (43)
			Flandin et al (2009) (44)
TRα1−/−	Reduced baseline temperature	Normal thermogenesis in response to cold	Wikström et al (1998) (61)
			Golozoubova et al (2003)
TRa 0/0	Reduced baseline temperature	Hypothermia in response to cold	Marrif et al (2005) (64)
			Pelletier et al (2008) (86)
TRβ−/−	Normal baseline temperatures	Normal response to thermogenesis	Johnsson et al (1999) (62)
			Golozoubova et al (2003)
TRα1/TRβ−/−	0.4ºC decrease in core body temperature	Hypothermia in response to cold	Johansson et al (1999) (62)
			Golozoubova et al (2003)
D2−/− (D2KO)	Normal baseline temperature	Cold exposure leads to increased SNS stimulation of BAT but mice are hypothermic	Schneider et al (2001) (87)
	Impaired embryonic BAT differentiation results in defective BAT function in adult mice		de Jesus et al (2001) (50)
			Christoffolete et al (2004) (52)
			Hall (2010) (88)
			Castillo et al (2011) (89)
β1/β2/β3−/− (TKO)	1.2ºC decrease in core body temperature	Hypothermia in response to cold, rescued by acute T3 administration	Jimenez et al (2002) (57)
			Flandin et al (2009) (44)

Abbreviation: D2KO, mice lacking D2.