TABLE 3.
Intervention effect of the commonly consumed US diet compared with the traditional Mexican diet on serum biomarkers of disease risk for 53 first- and second-generation healthy women of Mexican descent and by BMI category1
| US diet |
Traditional Mexican diet |
||||||
| Biomarkers | n | Value | n | Value | Mean difference | P | P4 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | |||||||
| All study participants | 51 | 89.4 ± 0.87 | 52 | 88.6 ± 0.87 | 0.82 | 0.422 | |
| Normal weight | 26 | 86.6 ± 1.11 | 26 | 85.6 ± 1.13 | 1.02 | 0.92 | |
| Overweight or obese | 25 | 92.2 ± 1.37 | 26 | 91.8 ± 1.34 | 0.36 | ||
| Insulin, μU/mL | |||||||
| All study participants | 51 | 9.29 (8.35, 10.3) | 52 | 8.03 (7.22, 8.93) | 1.26 | 0.022 | |
| Normal weight | 26 | 7.73 (6.43, 9.29) | 26 | 6.24 (5.18, 7.52) | 1.49 | 0.36 | |
| Overweight or obese | 25 | 11.2 (9.90, 12.7) | 26 | 10.3 (9.09, 11.6) | 0.95 | ||
| HOMA-IR | |||||||
| All study participants | 51 | 2.05 (1.82, 2.30) | 52 | 1.75 (1.56, 1.96) | 0.30 | 0.022 | |
| Normal weight | 26 | 1.65 (1.36, 2.01) | 26 | 1.31 (1.08, 1.60) | 0.34 | 0.39 | |
| Overweight or obese | 25 | 2.55 (2.22, 2.94) | 26 | 2.31 (2.01, 2.65) | 0.24 | ||
| IGF-1, ng/mL | |||||||
| All study participants | 51 | 149 ± 2.52 | 52 | 144 ± 2.51 | 5.72 | 0.062 | |
| Normal weight | 26 | 176 ± 3.91 | 26 | 166 ± 3.97 | 10.4 | 0.10 | |
| Overweight or obese | 25 | 123 ± 3.19 | 26 | 122 ± 3.11 | 1.60 | ||
| IGFBP-3, ng/mL | |||||||
| All study participants | 51 | 2420 ± 29.4 | 52 | 2299 ± 29.4 | 121 | <0.012 | |
| Normal weight | 26 | 2696 ± 44.0 | 26 | 2484 ± 44.9 | 212 | 0.013 | 0.03 |
| Overweight or obese | 25 | 2145 ± 35.7 | 26 | 2113 ± 34.8 | 31.1 | 0.493 | |
| IGF-1:IGFBP-3 | |||||||
| All study participants | 51 | 6.13 ± 0.10 | 52 | 6.22 ± 0.10 | −0.09 | 0.382 | |
| Normal weight | 26 | 6.55 ± 0.15 | 26 | 6.68 ± 0.15 | −0.13 | 0.77 | |
| Overweight or obese | 25 | 5.72 ± 0.13 | 26 | 5.74 ± 0.13 | −0.03 | ||
| Total adiponectin, μg/mL | |||||||
| All study participants | 51 | 6.57 (6.28, 6.88) | 51 | 6.63 (6.33, 6.93) | −0.05 | 0.772 | |
| Normal weight | 26 | 7.21 (6.72, 7.73) | 26 | 7.29 (6.79, 7.83) | −0.09 | 0.82 | |
| Overweight or obese | 25 | 5.97 (5.65, 6.32) | 26 | 6.03 (5.71, 6.37) | −0.06 | ||
| CRP, mg/L | |||||||
| All study participants | 51 | 0.94 (0.70, 1.28) | 51 | 0.93 (0.68, 1.25) | 0.02 | 0.912 | |
| Normal weight | 26 | 0.54 (0.33, 0.86) | 26 | 0.62 (0.39, 0.98) | −0.08 | 0.44 | |
| Overweight or obese | 25 | 1.68 (1.11, 2.54) | 26 | 1.36 (0.91, 2.05) | 0.31 | ||
| IL-6, pg/mL | |||||||
| All study participants | 51 | 1.36 (1.16, 1.58) | 51 | 1.32 (1.13, 1.54) | 0.04 | 0.782 | |
| Normal weight | 26 | 1.00 (0.78, 1.28) | 26 | 1.03 (0.80, 1.33) | −0.03 | 0.68 | |
| Overweight or obese | 25 | 1.85 (1.55, 2.20) | 26 | 1.68 (1.41, 1.99) | 0.17 | ||
Values are means ± SEMs or geometric means with 95% CIs in parentheses. Normal weight: BMI (in kg/m2) <25; overweight or obese: BMI ≥25. CRP, C-reactive protein; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; IGFBP-3, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3.
From linear mixed models testing the intervention effect of the Mexican compared with the US diet while adjusting for diet sequence, feeding period, baseline and washout biomarker concentrations, age, acculturation composite score, and BMI.
For diet effect within BMI category (normal weight compared with overweight or obese).
For diet effect difference between BMI category (normal weight compared with overweight or obese).