TABLE 4.

Intervention effect of the commonly consumed US diet compared with the traditional Mexican diet on serum biomarkers of disease risk for 53 first- and second-generation healthy women of Mexican descent by waist circumference category¹

	US diet		Traditional Mexican diet
Biomarkers	n	Value	n	Value	Mean difference	P2	P3
Glucose, mg/dL
Waist circumference <88 cm	34	87.2 ± 1.12	35	86.2 ± 1.13	0.99		0.78
Waist circumference ≥88 cm	17	93.7 ± 1.18	17	93.4 ± 1.18	0.29
Insulin, μU/mL
Waist circumference <88 cm	34	8.12 (7.05, 9.47)	35	6.71 (5.79, 7.78)	1.46		0.26
Waist circumference ≥88 cm	17	12.0 (10.4, 14.0)	17	11.6 (10.0, 13.4)	0.47
HOMA-IR
Waist circumference <88 cm	34	1.76 (1.50, 2.06)	35	1.42 (1.21, 1.67)	0.34		0.26
Waist circumference ≥88 cm	17	2.78 (2.36, 3.27)	17	2.66 (2.26, 3.13)	0.12
IGF-1, ng/mL
Waist circumference <88 cm	34	165 ± 3.24	35	154 ± 3.25	10.6	<0.01	<0.01
Waist circumference ≥88 cm	17	119 ± 4.18	17	124 ± 4.18	−5.43	0.33
IGFBP-3, ng/mL
Waist circumference <88 cm	34	2579 ± 36.5	35	2392 ± 36.6	186	<0.01	0.03
Waist circumference ≥88 cm	17	2101 ± 56.2	17	2116 ± 56.3	−15.3	0.76
IGF-1:IGFBP-3
Waist circumference <88 cm	34	6.37 ± 0.12	35	6.40 ± 0.12	−0.03		0.38
Waist circumference ≥88 cm	17	5.63 ± 0.21	17	5.86 ± 0.21	−0.24
Total adiponectin, μg/mL
Waist circumference <88 cm	34	7.07 (6.65, 7.51)	35	7.05 (6.63, 7.48)	0.02		0.64
Waist circumference ≥88 cm	17	5.70 (5.33, 6.08)	17	5.89 (5.51, 6.29)	−0.19
CRP, mg/L
Waist circumference <88 cm	34	0.61 (0.41, 0.93)	35	0.71 (0.47, 1.07)	−0.09		0.38
Waist circumference ≥88 cm	17	2.3 (1.6, 3.3)	17	1.7 (1.1, 2.5)	0.61
IL-6, pg/mL
Waist circumference <88 cm	34	1.08 (0.88, 1.32)	35	1.11 (1.91, 1.36)	−0.03		0.59
Waist circumference ≥88 cm	17	2.14 (1.75, 2.61)	17	1.88 (1.54, 2.29)	0.26

¹Values are means ± SEMs or geometric means with 95% CIs in parentheses. CRP, C-reactive protein; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; IGFBP-3, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3.

²From linear mixed models testing the intervention effect of the Mexican compared with the US diet while adjusting for diet sequence, feeding period, baseline and washout biomarker concentrations, age, and acculturation composite score for diet effect within waist circumference category (<88 compared with ≥88 cm).

³For diet effect difference between waist circumference category (<88 compared with ≥88 cm).