TABLE 2.
Association between dietary flavonoid intake and ED in 25,096 participants from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study1
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P-trend | |
| Total flavonoids | ||||||
| Person-years | 40,250 | 43,785 | 44,317 | 44,424 | 42,269 | |
| Cases of ED, n | 1629 | 1804 | 1886 | 1856 | 1740 | |
| Age adjusted | 1.0 (reference)2 | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.98) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.98) | 0.006 |
| Multivariate model | 1.0 (reference) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.05) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.02) | 0.16 |
| Multivariate model and AHEI | 1.0 (reference) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.03) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.01) | 0.08 |
| Flavonols | ||||||
| Person-years | 38,856 | 43,516 | 44,959 | 45,489 | 42,225 | |
| Cases of ED, n | 1588 | 1780 | 1809 | 1888 | 1850 | |
| Age adjusted | 1.0 (reference) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.00) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.00) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.11 |
| Multivariate model | 1.0 (reference) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) | 0.95 (0.89, 1.02) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) | 0.63 |
| Multivariate model and AHEI | 1.0 (reference) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.04) | 0.93 (0.87, 1.00) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.01) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.02) | 0.38 |
| Flavones | ||||||
| Person-years | 40,461 | 43,689 | 43,415 | 43,564 | 43,917 | |
| Cases of ED, n | 1613 | 1765 | 1801 | 1884 | 1852 | |
| Age adjusted | 1.0 (reference) | 0.95 (0.89, 1.02) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.98) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.98) | 0.88 (0.82, 0.94) | <0.0001 |
| Multivariate model | 1.0 (reference) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.00) | 0.95 (0.89, 1.01) | 0.91 (0.85, 0.97) | 0.006 |
| Multivariate model and AHEI | 1.0 (reference) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.01) | 0.91 (0.85, 0.98) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.99) | 0.87 (0.82, 0.94) | 0.0007 |
| Multivariate model excluding participants with CVD and diabetes | 1.0 (reference) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) | 0.92 (0.85, 0.99) | 0.93 (0.86, 1.01) | 0.91 (0.84, 0.99) | 0.04 |
| Flavanones | ||||||
| Person-years | 43,655 | 45,841 | 43,931 | 41,845 | 39,773 | |
| Cases of ED, n | 1739 | 1826 | 1866 | 1813 | 1671 | |
| Age adjusted | 1.0 (reference) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.01) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.98) | 0.85 (0.80, 0.91) | <0.0001 |
| Multivariate model | 1.0 (reference) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.01) | 0.95 (0.89, 1.02) | 0.89 (0.83, 0.95) | 0.0009 |
| Multivariate model and AHEI | 1.0 (reference) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.95 (0.89, 1.01) | 0.93 (0.87, 1.00) | 0.87 (0.81, 0.94) | 0.0001 |
| Multivariate model excluding participants with CVD and diabetes | 1.0 (reference) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.05) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) | 0.90 (0.83, 0.97) | 0.003 |
| Flavan-3-ols | ||||||
| Person-years | 37,470 | 44,942 | 46,285 | 44,279 | 42,070 | |
| Cases of ED, n | 1629 | 1836 | 1791 | 1880 | 1779 | |
| Age adjusted | 1.0 (reference) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.06) | 0.95 (0.89, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.08) | 0.30 |
| Multivariate model | 1.0 (reference) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) | 0.25 |
| Multivariate model and AHEI | 1.0 (reference) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) | 0.29 |
| Anthocyanins | ||||||
| Person-years | 35,075 | 41,856 | 44,734 | 46,651 | 46,730 | |
| Cases of ED, n | 1485 | 1803 | 1885 | 1868 | 1874 | |
| Age adjusted | 1.0 (reference) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) | 0.93 (0.87, 1.00) | 0.89 (0.83, 0.95) | 0.86 (0.81, 0.92) | <0.0001 |
| Multivariate model | 1.0 (reference) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.03) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.99) | 0.91 (0.85, 0.98) | 0.002 |
| Multivariate model and AHEI | 1.0 (reference) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.01) | 0.90 (0.84, 0.97) | 0.88 (0.82, 0.95) | 0.0003 |
| Multivariate model excluding participants with CVD and diabetes | 1.0 (reference) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.11) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.06) | 0.92 (0.85, 1.00) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.01) | 0.008 |
| Polymeric flavonoids | ||||||
| Person-years | 39,326 | 43,754 | 45,193 | 44,362 | 42,410 | |
| Cases of ED, n | 1625 | 1797 | 1849 | 1881 | 1763 | |
| Age adjusted | 1.0 (reference) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.04) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.07) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.01) | 0.15 |
| Multivariate model | 1.0 (reference) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.06) | 0.75 |
| Multivariate model and AHEI | 1.0 (reference) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.06) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.06) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.05) | 0.58 |
1
Multivariate model adjusted for age, physical activity, smoking, BMI, alcohol, energy, marital status, use of multivitamins, history of CVD, history of hypercholesterolemia, history of hypertension, history of diabetes. AHEI, alternative healthy eating index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; ED, erectile dysfunction; Q, quintile.
2
RR; 95% CI in parentheses (all such values).