| Rotem et al. (2011) |
Combat |
Clinical |
204,184 |
Proportional hazard assessing risk of dropping out for an alcohol or drug use disorder in first year is significant at .004 and .001, respectively. However, respondents with alcohol or drug disorders were also significantly more likely to have more mental health visits in the first year after diagnosis. |
| Ford et al. (2006) |
Disaster/war |
Random |
4,640 |
Bivariate: Individuals who were current drinkers were significantly less likely to utilize behavioral health services. However, individuals who increased either smoking or drinking were significantly more likely to utilize behavioral health services. Multivariate: Positive relationship (nonsignificant) between current drinker or smoker or increase in alcohol or tobacco use. |
| Washington et al. (2012) |
Combat |
Random |
3,598 |
Bivariate difference too slight, p = .97. |
| DeViva et al. (2014) |
Combat |
Clinical |
200 |
Those with comorbid substance abuse were likely to be seen but less likely to complete treatment; results were nonsignificant. |
| Owens et al. (2009) |
Combat |
Convenience |
50 |
Bivariate differences too small; mean SMAST score = 3.12 (SD = 2.39) vs. mean SMAST score = 3.05 (SD = 1.39). |
| Gibbs et al. (2011) |
Combat |
Convenience |
48 |
(Qualitative study) Reported use of “self-medication” after returning from deployment and as a way of coping with general conditions of military life and separation from family and friends. For some participants, alcohol was used as “self-medication” when there were too many barriers to care—wait times, stigma, career problems. However, when alcohol use went out of control, individuals usually were sanctioned by the military and forced to seek treatment. |
