Table 5.

Secular trends from 1999 to 2010 in adolescent daily consumption of common snack foods and sugary drinks by sociodemographic characteristics: Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, Project EAT (Eating and Activity among Teens)

Characteristic	1999 na	2010 n	Snack foods			Sugary drinks
			1999a	2010	P valueb	1999a	2010	P valueb
Total sample	2,598	2,540	2.6	2.2	<0.001	1.2	0.8	<0.001
Sex
Boys	1,181	1,175	2.6	2.1	<0.001	1.2	0.8	<0.001
Girls	1,348	1,365	2.7	2.2	<0.001	1.2	0.8	<0.001
School levelc
Middle school	1,148	1,136	2.9	2.2	<0.001	1.2	0.8	<0.001
High school	1,335	1,404	2.4	2.1	0.01	1.3	0.8	<0.001
Ethnicity/raced
White	540	499	2.3	1.7	<0.001	1.2	0.7	<0.001
Black	638	706	3.6	2.9	<0.001	1.6	1.0	<0.001
Hispanic	414	435	2.4	1.8	0.002	1.3	0.7	<0.001
Asian	546	520	2.1	1.5	<0.001	0.8	0.5	<0.001
Native American	98	92	2.8	2.3	0.19	1.4	1.2	0.23
Mixed/other	293	288	2.5	2.8	0.41	1.3	0.9	<0.001
Socioeconomic statuse
Low	936	973	2.6	2.3	0.08	1.2	0.9	<0.001
Low-middle	560	556	2.7	2.2	<0.001	1.3	0.8	<0.001
Middle	436	430	2.8	2.0	<0.001	1.3	0.7	<0.001
High-middle	335	320	2.5	2.0	0.008	1.1	0.7	<0.001
High	199	193	2.5	1.8	0.001	1.0	0.5	<0.001

^aThe 1999 sample was weighted to allow for an examination of secular trends in snack patterns independent of demographic shifts in the population. For example, estimates of daily snack food and sugary drink consumption within the low socioeconomic status group in 1999 and 2010 are mutually controlled so that sex, school level, and ethnicity/race makeup are the same in the low socioeconomic status group in the 1999 sample as in the 2010 sample.

^bP values represent testing to examine weighted mean differences in daily servings of common snack foods and sugary drinks consumed between 1999 and 2010.

^cMiddle school represents students enrolled in 6th–8th grades and high school represents students enrolled in 9th–12th grades.

^dAdolescents could choose more than one ethnic/racial category; those responses indicating multiple categories were coded as mixed/other. Because there were few participants who identified themselves as Hawaiians or Pacific Islanders these participants were also included in the mixed/other category.

^eThe prime determinant of socioeconomic status was the higher education level of either parent with adjustments made for student eligibility for free/reduced-price school meals, family public assistance receipt, and parent employment status.