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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Microbiol. 2015 Dec 13;24(2):111–122. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.11.004

Figure 5 (Key Figure).

Figure 5 (Key Figure)

[0][0] Heterogeneity of E. coli Response to LL-37. Snapshot in time of the attack of Rhodamine-labeled LL-37 (Rh-LL-37; right panel) on live E. coli expressing GFP that is exported to the periplasm (left panel). Each cell tells its own story in real time. Rh-LL-37 permeabilizes the outer membrane of septating cells earlier than non-septating cells, leading to loss of periplasmic GFP (left panel). At the time point shown, most of the remaining GFP halos occur for non-septating cells. A red band at the septal region (right panel) signals passage of Rh-LL-37 into the periplasm, where it binds to an immobile species, possible peptidoglycan.