Table 12.
Acute bleeding |
Patient stabilization |
Treat severe coagulopathy with highly elevated INR associated with cirrhosis with fresh frozen plasma |
Treat severe thrombocytopenia associated with hypersplenism and bone marrow suppression from alcoholism with platelet transfusions |
Transfuse packed erythrocytes to main hemoglobin level at about 8 g/dL |
Consider antibiotic prophylaxis in patient with cirrhosis |
Endoscopic therapy from bleeding-rarely used |
Consider argon plasma coagulation |
Hemospray - an experimental therapy |
Pharmacotherapy |
Octreotide - first line therapy |
Vasopressin or terlipressin - second line therapy |
Proton pump inhibitor therapy - adjunct therapy |
Propranolol - can be instituted after bleeding controlled and patient stabilized |
Interventional therapy |
TIPS - for uncontrolled hemorrhage or for bleeding from PHG associated with variceal bleeding |
Liver transplantation - for advanced end stage liver disease |
Chronic bleeding |
Treatment of anemia |
Transfusions of packed erythrocytes as necessary |
Iron replacement therapy |
Pharmacotherapy |
Consider propranolol |
TIPS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt; PHG: Portal hypertensive gastropathy; INR: International normalized ratio.