Figure 2. Probability of robotic prostatectomy utilization among prostate cancer patients receiving surgery in markets that have adopted robotic prostatectomy.

In low and high managed care markets, the probability of robotic prostatectomy utilization increased over time (p<0.01 for trend). However, compared with markets that had low managed care penetration, those with high managed care penetration had constrained utilization of robotic prostatectomy (p<0.01, comparison between groups).

*Adjusted for patient-level (i.e., age, tumor grade and stage, and comorbidity) and market-level characteristics (i.e., racial composition, population density, education, income, and percent speaking English as a secondary language).