Table 2.
Energy and nutrient intakes (mean ± SD) of women during pregnancy from 24 h recall
| Energy and nutrients | All subjects (n = 479) | First trimester (n = 158) | Second trimester (n = 160) | Third trimester (n = 161) | P* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kcal) | 2098 ± 915 | 2001 ± 990 | 2060 ± 773 | 2219 ± 960§ | 0.034 |
| Percentage of energy from fat (%) | 36.4 ± 11.5 | 37.0 ± 12.1 | 36.8 ± 11.6 | 35.5 ± 10.6 | 0.242 |
| Percentage of energy from carbohydrates (%) | 51.5 ± 12.6 | 51.21 ± 13.0 | 50.77 ± 13.1 | 52.57 ± 11.5 | 0.333 |
| Percentage of energy from protein (%) | 15.0 ± 5.0 | 14.7 ± 4.9 | 15.6 ± 4.9 | 14.7 ± 4.2 | 0.963 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 268.9 ± 137.1 | 257.2 ± 155.6 | 258.6 ± 111.6 | 290.7 ± 139.0§ | 0.029 |
| Fat (g) | 84.5 ± 46.5 | 81.5 ± 48.7 | 85.0 ± 45.7 | 86.9 ± 45.1 | 0.577 |
| Protein (g) | 79.3 ± 44.4 | 73.5 ± 42.3 | 80.8 ± 41.3 | 83.6 ± 48.8§ | 0.042 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 514.5 ± 490.9 | 483.3 ± 343.6 | 557.9 ± 645.0 | 501.9 ± 433.4 | 0.735 |
| Dietary fiber (g) | 14.9 ± 10.6 | 13.6 ± 10.4 | 15.3 ± 9.4 | 15.8 ± 11.7 | 0.063 |
| Vitamin A (μg, RAE†)‡ | 591.5 ± 878.4 | 437.5 ± 374.3 | 662.6 ± 988.9§ | 671.9 ± 1077.4§ | 0.017 |
| Retinal (μg) | 378.9 ± 824.5 | 260.8 ± 285.7 | 447.8 ± 948.3 | 426.4 ± 1018.1 | 0.088 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 1.2 ± 0.9 | 1.2 ± 1.0 | 1.2 ± 0.9 | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 0.778 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 1.2 ± 0.9 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 0.323 |
| Niacin (mg) | 17.2 ± 10.6 | 15.4 ± 9.5 | 17.7 ± 9.9 | 18.4 ± 12.1§ | 0.001 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 0.162 |
| Biotin (µg) | 51.8 ± 52.0 | 47.9 ± 52.5 | 51.0 ± 37.1 | 56.4 ± 63.1 | 0.394 |
| Folic acid (µg DFE) | 425.9 ± 317.7 | 583.4 ± 301.7 | 346.9 ± 245.9|| | 347.2 ± 339.3|| | 0.000 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 133.0 ± 129.2 | 113.9 ± 93.5 | 140.2 ± 131.7 | 144.4 ± 153.2§ | 0.035 |
| Vitamin E (mg ɑ-TE) | 14.5 ± 14.0 | 14.0 ± 15.1 | 15.6 ± 16.1 | 14.1 ± 12.1 | 0.914 |
| Ca (mg) | 734.1 ± 562.9 | 633.2 ± 492.4 | 746.6 ± 460.0 | 820.6 ± 693.4|| | 0.003 |
| P (mg) | 1182.7 ± 603.9 | 1089.5 ± 609.8 | 1189.9 ± 510.2 | 1272.3 ± 669.9§ | 0.006 |
| K (mg) | 2353.3 ± 1263.3 | 2102.1 ± 1153.6 | 2415.2 ± 1108.9 | 2535.4 ± 1460.1|| | 0.002 |
| Na (mg) | 4496.4 ± 6210.1 | 4334.9 ± 2518.1 | 5147.3 ± 9739.3 | 4008.1 ± 3747.3 | 0.638 |
| Mg (mg) | 336.3 ± 193.2 | 309.3 ± 199.1 | 335.8 ± 171.0 | 363.5 ± 205.3§ | 0.040 |
| Fe (mg) | 27.3 ± 20.1 | 26.2 ± 20.8 | 26.8 ± 16.7 | 28.9 ± 22.4 | 0.234 |
| Zn (mg) | 12.6 ± 6.9 | 11.7 ± 7.1 | 12.7 ± 5.8 | 13.3 ± 7.6§ | 0.003 |
| Se (μg) | 54.4 ± 35.0 | 50.2 ± 31.7 | 57.6 ± 36.1 | 55.5 ± 36.8 | 0.179 |
| Cu (mg) | 2.5 ± 2.1 | 2.4 ± 2.0 | 2.5 ± 1.5 | 2.6 ± 2.6 | 0.478 |
| Mn (mg) | 6.0 ± 5.9 | 5.7 ± 3.4 | 6.1 ± 7.6 | 6.8 ± 10.8 | 0.070 |
*P for one-way ANOVA; †RAE: Retinol activity equivalents; ‡The formula of Vitamin A defined in Chinese DRIs 2013; RAE: Retinol + 1/12 total carotene; §P<0.05 compared with the first trimesters; ||P<0.01 compared with the first trimesters. SD: Standard deviation; ɑ-TE: Alpha-tocopherol equivalents.