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. 2015 Jul 5;128(13):1778–1786. doi: 10.4103/0366-6999.159354

Table 2.

Energy and nutrient intakes (mean ± SD) of women during pregnancy from 24 h recall

Energy and nutrients All subjects (n = 479) First trimester (n = 158) Second trimester (n = 160) Third trimester (n = 161) P*
Energy (kcal) 2098 ± 915 2001 ± 990 2060 ± 773 2219 ± 960§ 0.034
Percentage of energy from fat (%) 36.4 ± 11.5 37.0 ± 12.1 36.8 ± 11.6 35.5 ± 10.6 0.242
Percentage of energy from carbohydrates (%) 51.5 ± 12.6 51.21 ± 13.0 50.77 ± 13.1 52.57 ± 11.5 0.333
Percentage of energy from protein (%) 15.0 ± 5.0 14.7 ± 4.9 15.6 ± 4.9 14.7 ± 4.2 0.963
Carbohydrate (g) 268.9 ± 137.1 257.2 ± 155.6 258.6 ± 111.6 290.7 ± 139.0§ 0.029
Fat (g) 84.5 ± 46.5 81.5 ± 48.7 85.0 ± 45.7 86.9 ± 45.1 0.577
Protein (g) 79.3 ± 44.4 73.5 ± 42.3 80.8 ± 41.3 83.6 ± 48.8§ 0.042
Cholesterol (mg) 514.5 ± 490.9 483.3 ± 343.6 557.9 ± 645.0 501.9 ± 433.4 0.735
Dietary fiber (g) 14.9 ± 10.6 13.6 ± 10.4 15.3 ± 9.4 15.8 ± 11.7 0.063
Vitamin A (μg, RAE) 591.5 ± 878.4 437.5 ± 374.3 662.6 ± 988.9§ 671.9 ± 1077.4§ 0.017
Retinal (μg) 378.9 ± 824.5 260.8 ± 285.7 447.8 ± 948.3 426.4 ± 1018.1 0.088
Thiamin (mg) 1.2 ± 0.9 1.2 ± 1.0 1.2 ± 0.9 1.2 ± 0.7 0.778
Riboflavin (mg) 1.3 ± 0.9 1.2 ± 0.9 1.4 ± 1.1 1.4 ± 0.9 0.323
Niacin (mg) 17.2 ± 10.6 15.4 ± 9.5 17.7 ± 9.9 18.4 ± 12.1§ 0.001
Vitamin B6 (mg) 1.1 ± 0.7 1.1 ± 0.6 1.1 ± 0.6 1.2 ± 0.7 0.162
Biotin (µg) 51.8 ± 52.0 47.9 ± 52.5 51.0 ± 37.1 56.4 ± 63.1 0.394
Folic acid (µg DFE) 425.9 ± 317.7 583.4 ± 301.7 346.9 ± 245.9|| 347.2 ± 339.3|| 0.000
Vitamin C (mg) 133.0 ± 129.2 113.9 ± 93.5 140.2 ± 131.7 144.4 ± 153.2§ 0.035
Vitamin E (mg ɑ-TE) 14.5 ± 14.0 14.0 ± 15.1 15.6 ± 16.1 14.1 ± 12.1 0.914
Ca (mg) 734.1 ± 562.9 633.2 ± 492.4 746.6 ± 460.0 820.6 ± 693.4|| 0.003
P (mg) 1182.7 ± 603.9 1089.5 ± 609.8 1189.9 ± 510.2 1272.3 ± 669.9§ 0.006
K (mg) 2353.3 ± 1263.3 2102.1 ± 1153.6 2415.2 ± 1108.9 2535.4 ± 1460.1|| 0.002
Na (mg) 4496.4 ± 6210.1 4334.9 ± 2518.1 5147.3 ± 9739.3 4008.1 ± 3747.3 0.638
Mg (mg) 336.3 ± 193.2 309.3 ± 199.1 335.8 ± 171.0 363.5 ± 205.3§ 0.040
Fe (mg) 27.3 ± 20.1 26.2 ± 20.8 26.8 ± 16.7 28.9 ± 22.4 0.234
Zn (mg) 12.6 ± 6.9 11.7 ± 7.1 12.7 ± 5.8 13.3 ± 7.6§ 0.003
Se (μg) 54.4 ± 35.0 50.2 ± 31.7 57.6 ± 36.1 55.5 ± 36.8 0.179
Cu (mg) 2.5 ± 2.1 2.4 ± 2.0 2.5 ± 1.5 2.6 ± 2.6 0.478
Mn (mg) 6.0 ± 5.9 5.7 ± 3.4 6.1 ± 7.6 6.8 ± 10.8 0.070

*P for one-way ANOVA; RAE: Retinol activity equivalents; The formula of Vitamin A defined in Chinese DRIs 2013; RAE: Retinol + 1/12 total carotene; §P<0.05 compared with the first trimesters; ||P<0.01 compared with the first trimesters. SD: Standard deviation; ɑ-TE: Alpha-tocopherol equivalents.