Table 3.
Energy and nutrient intakes distribution of Chinese pregnant women in the first trimester (n = 158)
| Energy and nutrients | DRIs | Intake percentiles | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EAR* | RNI†/AI‡ | UL§ | 10th | 25th | Median | 75th | 90th | |
| Energy (kcal) | – | – | – | 1075.6 | 1345.9 | 1794.9 | 2343.0 | 3138.0 |
| Fat (g) | – | – | – | 34.5 | 52.7 | 70.1 | 100.4 | 141.0 |
| Protein (g) | 50 | – | – | 35.4 | 43.9 | 62.4 | 91.7 | 144.5 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 130 | – | – | 110.4 | 153.8 | 239.4 | 308.7 | 410.6 |
| Fat (%TE)** | – | – | – | 22.0 | 29.0 | 37.7 | 44.5 | 52.4 |
| Protein (%TE)** | – | – | – | 9.2 | 11.7 | 13.9 | 16.8 | 21.6 |
| Carbohydrate (%TE)** | – | – | – | 35.9 | 42.2 | 50.1 | 60.2 | 67.7 |
| Dietary fiber (g) | – | 25 | – | 4.5 | 7.3 | 10.8 | 15.9 | 25.1 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | – | – | – | 37.5 | 197.2 | 465.3 | 715.4 | 938.4 |
| Vitamin A (μg, RAE||)¶ | 480 | 700 | 3000 | 80.6 | 174.2 | 328.0 | 498.2 | 666.0 |
| Retinal (μg)¶ | – | – | 3000 | 16.7 | 72.5 | 193.3 | 326.3 | 496.7 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 1.0 | 1.2 | – | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 2.3 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1.0 | 1.2 | – | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 2.5 |
| Niacin (mg Ne) | 10 | 12 | 35 | 6.2 | 9.1 | 12.6 | 20.3 | 28.4 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.9 | 2.2 | 60 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 2.0 |
| Biotin (µg) | – | 40 | – | 16.9 | 25.3 | 34.6 | 50.0 | 78.7 |
| Folic acid (µg DFE) | 520 | 600 | 1000 | 187.0 | 459.4 | 569.4 | 697.0 | 951.3 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 85 | 100 | 2000 | 19.9 | 45.5 | 83.8 | 167.6 | 253.0 |
| Vitamin E (mg ɑ-TE) | – | 14 | 700 | 5.3 | 7.6 | 10.6 | 14.1 | 20.0 |
| Ca (mg) | 650 | 800 | 2000 | 188.2 | 291.0 | 498.5 | 814.8 | 1311.2 |
| P (mg) | 600 | 720 | 3500 | 525.1 | 682.6 | 969.1 | 1331.1 | 1822.2 |
| K (mg) | – | 2000 | – | 873.2 | 1262.3 | 1934.4 | 2637.4 | 3609.1 |
| Na (mg) | – | 1500 | – | 2333.0 | 2968.7 | 3939.7 | 5032.7 | 6471.7 |
| Mg (mg) | 310 | 370 | – | 138.6 | 179.1 | 272.6 | 370.7 | 528.5 |
| Fe (mg) | 15 | 20 | 40 | 10.5 | 14.5 | 20.0 | 28.2 | 52.2 |
| Zn (mg) | 7.7 | 9.5 | 40 | 5.2 | 6.9 | 10.1 | 14.4 | 19.7 |
| Se (μg) | 54 | 65 | 400 | 17.0 | 29.9 | 44.0 | 59.7 | 90.1 |
| Cu (mg) | 0.7 | 0.9 | 8 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 3.0 | 4.9 |
| Mn (mg) | – | 4.9 | 11 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 4.1 | 6.2 | 9.9 |
*EAR: Estimated average requirement; †RNI: Recommended nutrient intake; ‡AI: Adequate intake; §UL: Upper intake level; ||RAE: Retinol activity equivalents. ¶The UL for Vitamin A is based on preformed Vitamin A (retinol). Assessment of the proportion of the population with intakes above the UL is based on intakes of preformed Vitamin A rather than total RAEs. **%TE: Percentage of total energy. ɑ-TE: Alpha-tocopherol equivalents; DRIs: Dietary reference intakes.