Tab. III.

Data extraction: material of the studies

Authors	Title and year of publication	Material
LeResche et al.	Use of exogenous hormones and the risk of temporomandibular disorder pain 1997	Location: USA Age: Study I: > 40 years; Study II: 15-35 years Sex: Females Sample size: 13 820 Study groups:  Study I: 1291 females referred for TMD treatment  Study II: 1473 females referred for TMD treatment Control groups:  Study I: 5164 females without TMD  Study II: 5892 females without TMD Inclusion criteria: Based on information from healthcare company's database:  Study I: women > 40 years old referred for TMD treatment  Study II: women aged 15-35 with TMD, using OCs at least for 9 months Exclusion criteria: None
Dao et al.	Modulation of myofascial pain by the reproductive hormones: a preliminary report 1998	Location: Canada Age: 18-41 years Sex: Females Sample size: 12 Study group: 5 females using oral contraceptives (OCs) Control group: 7 females not using OCs Inclusion criteria:  Regularly menstruating (24-35 day cycle)  Pain in the jaw, temples, face, or preauricular area of a least 6 months’ duration, with or without limited mouth opening  Axis I group I diagnosis according to RDC/TMD criteria Exclusion criteria:  Clinical and/or radiographic signs or symptoms similar to the ones described for the categories “disk displacements” or “arthralgia, osteoarthritis, osteoarthrosis” in the RDC.  Metabolic disease (e.g., diabetes, hyperthyroidism). Neurologic disorders (e.g., dyskinesia, trigeminal neuralgia). Recent facial or cervical trauma. Migraine, tension-type headache.  Chronic pelvic and abdominal pain. Neoplasia. History of psychiatric disorders or current psychiatric treatment. Patients currently receiving medication or other treatments that could not be stopped before and during the study.
Hatch et al.	Is use of exogenous estrogen associated with temporomandibular signs and symptoms? 2001	Location: USA Age: 37-82 years Sex: Females Sample size: 510 Study group: 174 women taking medications containing estrogens Control group: 336 women not taking medications containing estrogens Inclusion criteria: None Exclusion criteria: Pregnancy, subjects whose ethnic group affiliation could not be identified as Mexican American or European American according to a standardized algorithm
LeResche et al.	Changes in temporomandibular pain and other symptoms across the menstrual cycle 2003	Location: USA Age: 18-45 years Sex: Females and males Sample size: 126 Study groups:  Group 1: 35 females with TMD using Ocs  Group 2: 35 females with TMD not using OCs  Group 3: 21 males with TMD Control group: 35 females without TMD, severe headache, back pain or other chronic pain problems who did not use OCs Inclusion criteria: Criteria for all subjects: 18–45 years of age, generally healthy and able to read and write in English, axis I both group I and III diagnosis according to RDC/TMD criteria  Group 1: Women using oral contraceptives had to be using low dose combination (estrogen and progesterone) pills and had to have been on the pills for at least 3 months  Group 2: Regular menstrual cycles (length of the cycle varied by no more than ±3 days), not using oral contraceptives for at least 3 months  Group 3: Males Exclusion criteria:  Group 1: Women using any other form of hormonal therapy were excluded from the study
Landi et al.	17-β-estradiol and progesterone serum levels in temporomandibular disorder patients 2004	Location: Italy Age: “young adults” Sex: Females and males Sample size: 59 Study group: 35 patients with axis I group II and/or III diagnosis according to RDC/TMD criteria Control group: 24 age-matched healthy subjects of both sexes Inclusion criteria: Axis I group II and/or III diagnosis according to RDC/TMD criteria Exclusion criteria: None
LeResche et al.	Musculoskeletal orofacial pain and other signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders during pregnancy: a prospective study 2005	Location: USA Age: Study group: mean 28.5 years; Control group: mean 28.4 years Sex: Females Sample size: 35 Study group: 19 pregnant females with myofascial pain:  4 with group I RDC/TMD diagnosis  5 with group I and II RDC/TMD diagnosis  5 with group I and IIIa/IIIb RDC/TMD diagnosis  2 with group I, II, IIIa RDC/TMD diagnosis  3 females with myofascial pain that does not meet RDC/TMD criteria Control group: 16 pregnant female, age-matched controls Inclusion criteria: Pregnant females treated for TMD, with myofascial pain, who are in the third trimester Exclusion criteria: None
Landi et al.	Sexual hormone serum levels and temporomandibular disorders. A preliminary study 2005	Location: Italy Age: 21-29 years Sex: Females and males Sample size: 72 Study groups:  Group 1: 20 females with TMD  Group 2: 20 males with TMD Control groups:  Group 3: 16 females without TMD  Group 4: 16 males without TMD Inclusion criteria: Axis I group II and/or III diagnosis according to RDC/TMD criteria Exclusion criteria: None
Sherman et al.	Cyclic effects on experimental pain response in women with temporomandibular disorders 2005	Location: USA Age: 18-45 Sex: Females Sample size: 94 Study group: Subjects were 18 normally cycling women with TMD who were not using OCs and 25 women with TMD who used OCs. Control group: Controls were 25 normally cycling women not using OCs and 26 women who were using OCs. OCs used in both groups were required to be low dose combination (estrogen plus progesterone) pills used in a cycle of 21 days of active medication followed by 7 days without active medication. Inclusion criteria: Subjects with TMD were required to have had pain for the last 3 months and to meet Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) for both myofascial pain (i.e., Group Ia or Group Ib) and arthralgia or arthritis (Group IIIa or IIIb). Exclusion criteria: Participants were excluded if they reported average menstrual pain in the last 3 months of intensity greater than or equal to 4 on a 0-to-10 scale, a history of hypertension, or coagulation problems, or if they were taking any blood pressure–altering or opioidergic medications. Subjects were asked to refrain from taking any analgesic medications on study visit days.
Nekora-Azak et al.	Estrogen replacement therapy among postmenopausal women and its effects on signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders 2008	Location: Turkey Age: 42-72 years Sex: Females Sample size: 180 Study group: 91 females using hormone replacement therapy Control group: 89 females not using hormone replacement therapy Inclusion criteria: “Females not menstruating who reached menopause surgically or naturally.” Exclusion criteria: “Recent facial or cervical trauma; history of general neurological disorders; migraine or tension type headaches; major psychiatric disorders.”