Table 1.

Addressing barriers through interventions: improving HPV vaccination rates.

			Barriers to HPV vaccination
			Parent/patient lack of knowledge	Physician bias	Regional differences	Follow-up (vaccination completion)	Access to care	Cost
Interventions	Individual level	Parent/patient educational interventions	X
		Physician educational interventions		X
	Clinic level	Parent/patient reminders and recalls				X
		Physician reminders and feedback		X		X
	School level	School-based vaccine clinics		X	X	X	X
		School-based vaccine clinics with education	X	X	X	X	X
	State/national level	State-based mandates		X			X
		National no cost-sharing coverage (ACA)			X		X	X

This matrix demonstrates potential HPV vaccination interventions at various levels, from individual to national, and the ways in which each intervention interacts with different barriers to vaccination. It is clear that there is not one intervention which alone can address all barriers, and a multipronged approach at the individual, clinic, state, and national levels will be necessary to reach the Healthy People 2020 goal of 80% vaccine completion in young women.

HPV, human papillomavirus.