Table 2.
Blood pressure and central hemodynamic measures
| Measures
|
Group | n | Baseline
|
Baseline difference | 12 weeks
|
Change
|
Mean difference between groups (garlic vs placebo)
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Office BP | Variable | Details | Mean | SD | P-value | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean difference | SE | P-value | ||
| SBP | mmHg | Placebo | 38 | 142 | 9.4 | 140.3 | 18.2 | −2.9 | 7.9 | |||||
| Garlic | 50 | 148.7 | 15.3 | 0.02 | 141.7 | 15.3 | −8 | 10.6 | −5 | 2.1 | 0.02 | |||
| SBP >138 mmHg | 68% high at baseline | Placebo | 26 | 146.4 | 7.5 | 141.4 | 9.4 | −4.9 | 7 | |||||
| 76% high at baseline | Garlic | 38 | 153.8 | 13.8 | 0.02 | 143.8 | 12.1 | −10 | 10.8 | −5.1 | 2.4 | 0.04 | ||
| SBP <138 mmHg | Placebo | 12 | 132.4 | 4.5 | 133.8 | 7.7 | 1.4 | 8.1 | ||||||
| Garlic | 12 | 132.4 | 4.2 | NS | 130.9 | 7.1 | −1.5 | 6.6 | −2.9 | 3 | 0.34 | |||
| SBP placebo | Placebo | 38 | 142 | 9.4 | 139.1 | 9.5 | −2.9 | 7.9 | ||||||
| SBP responders | 58% >5 mm change | Garlic | 29 | 153.2 | 15.4 | 0.001 | 138.8 | 11.4 | −14.4 | 8.8 | −11.5 | 1.9 | <0.001 | |
| SBP nonresponders | Garlic | 21 | 142.3 | 12.9 | NS | 143.3 | 13.3 | 1 | 4.5 | 3.9 | 2.1 | 0.18 | ||
| DBP | Placebo | 38 | 87.8 | 9.1 | 86 | 9 | −1.8 | 5 | ||||||
| Garlic | 50 | 89.9 | 11.7 | NS | 86.1 | 11.3 | −3.7 | 5.9 | −1.9 | 1.2 | 0.12 | |||
| DBP >85 mmHg | 63% high at baseline | Placebo | 24 | 92.9 | 6.6 | 91.3 | 9.4 | −2.3 | 5.7 | |||||
| 64% high at baseline | Garlic | 32 | 96.2 | 9 | NS | 92.4 | 9.9 | −4.4 | 6.2 | −2.1 | 0.19 | |||
| DBP <85 mmHg | Placebo | 14 | 79.1 | 5.1 | 78.5 | 7.5 | −1 | 3.5 | ||||||
| Garlic | 18 | 78.5 | 5.7 | NS | 76.7 | 7.7 | −2.3 | 5 | −1.3 | 1.6 | 0.40 | |||
| DBP placebo | Placebo | 38 | 87.8 | 9.1 | 86 | 9 | −1.8 | 5 | ||||||
| DBP responders | 50% >3 mm change | Garlic | 25 | 93.2 | 11.4 | NS | 85.1 | 10.9 | −1.8 | 3.8 | −6.3 | 1.1 | <0.001 | |
| DBP nonresponders | Garlic | 25 | 86.5 | 11.1 | NS | 88.4 | 12.7 | 0.8 | 4 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 0.08 | ||
| MAP | mmHg | Placebo | 38 | 112.7 | 10.6 | 110.4 | 8.8 | −2.3 | 7.2 | |||||
| Garlic | 49 | 117.8 | 12.1 | 0.045 | 112.4 | 9.8 | −5.4 | 9.3 | −3.1 | 1.8 | 0.1 | |||
| HR | L/min | Placebo | 38 | 70.4 | 9.6 | 70 | 8.5 | −0.5 | 6 | |||||
| Garlic | 48 | 68.7 | 11.2 | NS | 67.9 | 10.7 | −0.7 | 6.6 | −0.2 | 1.4 | 0.9 | |||
| PP | mmHg | Placebo | 38 | 51 | 9.3 | 49.8 | 9.2 | −1.3 | 9.5 | |||||
| Garlic | 49 | 54.2 | 14.7 | NS | 50.2 | 10.1 | −4 | 9.7 | −2.7 | 2.1 | 0.2 | |||
| Central BP | cSBP | mmHg | Placebo | 38 | 129.3 | 9.3 | 126.8 | 9.9 | −2.4 | 7.8 | ||||
| Garlic | 48 | 134.8 | 14.2 | 0.04 | 128.5 | 10.3 | −6.2 | 9.7 | −3.8 | 1.9 | 0.05 | |||
| cDBP | mmHg | Placebo | 38 | 90.8 | 9.7 | 88.6 | 8.8 | −2.2 | 6.3 | |||||
| Garlic | 48 | 95.1 | 12.3 | 0.08 | 90.4 | 10.7 | −4.7 | 8 | −2.6 | 1.6 | 0.11 | |||
| cPP | mmHg | Placebo | 38 | 38.4 | 7.3 | 37.8 | 7.7 | −0.5 | 6.4 | |||||
| Garlic | 49 | 40.6 | 11.8 | NS | 37.5 | 8 | −3.2 | 7.4 | −2.7 | 1.5 | 0.08 | |||
| Cardiac output | L/min | Placebo | 38 | 5.3 | 0.6 | 5 | 0.5 | −0.3 | 0.5 | |||||
| Garlic | 49 | 5.1 | 0.7 | NS | 5.1 | 0.7 | −0.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.17 | |||
| TVR | s · mmHg/mL | Placebo | 38 | 1.3 | 0.17 | 1.33 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.13 | |||||
| Garlic | 49 | 1.41 | 0.21 | NS | 1.39 | 0.15 | −0.03 | 0.17 | −0.07 | 0.03 | 0.06 | |||
| Cardiac index | L/min × L/m2 | Placebo | 38 | 2.71 | 0.29 | 2.58 | 0.33 | −0.13 | 0.25 | |||||
| Garlic | 49 | 2.65 | 0.45 | NS | 2.57 | 0.35 | −0.06 | 0.32 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.28 | |||
| Arterial stiffness | ||||||||||||||
| AP | mmHg | Placebo | 38 | 10.1 | 6.5 | 10.8 | 6.6 | 0.76 | 5 | |||||
| Garlic | 49 | 13.2 | 8.9 | 0.07 | 11.6 | 4.9 | −1 | 5.6 | −1.9 | 1.2 | 0.12 | |||
| High AP* | mmHg | Placebo | 14 | 15.4 | 6.9 | 14.4 | 8 | −1 | 5.3 | |||||
| Garlic | 23 | 20.6 | 7.5 | NS | 15.2 | 3 | −4.6 | 5.1 | –3.5 | 1.8 | 0.06 | |||
| High AP, male | mmHg | Placebo | 2 | 10 | 2.8 | 7.5 | 0 | 0.3 | 3.3 | |||||
| Garlic | 7 | 23.1 | 10.5 | NS | 15 | 7.1 | −6.3 | 4.2 | −6.6 | 2.7 | 0.04 | |||
| High AP, female | mmHg | Placebo | 11 | 17.5 | 6.2 | 19.5 | 11.5 | −1.4 | 5.8 | |||||
| Garlic | 14 | 19 | 4.6 | NS | 18.4 | 6.4 | −3.7 | 5.4 | −2.3 | 2.3 | 0.32 | |||
| Low AP | mmHg | Placebo | 24 | 6.9 | 3.5 | 8.7 | 4.6 | 1.8 | 4.6 | |||||
| Garlic | 26 | 6.6 | 2.8 | NS | 8.5 | 4.1 | 1.8 | 4.2 | −0.03 | 1.3 | 0.98 | |||
| RM | % | Placebo | 38 | 65.1 | 6.6 | 64.3 | 5.8 | −0.82 | 5.2 | |||||
| Garlic | 49 | 63.6 | 8.2 | NS | 64.3 | 5.7 | 0.67 | 6.5 | −1.5 | 1.3 | 0.25 | |||
| AI | % | Placebo | 35 | 21.7 | 11.6 | 21.8 | 10 | 0.82 | 9.8 | |||||
| Garlic | 48 | 24 | 13.8 | NS | 24.2 | 11.1 | −0.15 | 9.4 | −0.97 | 3.1 | NS | |||
| AI high* | % | Placebo | 12 | 31.8 | 7.2 | 26.4 | 8.3 | −5 | 10.5 | |||||
| Garlic | 22 | 36.2 | 7.7 | NS | 31.3 | 8.9 | −4.6 | 7.9 | 1.5 | 3.4 | 0.66 | |||
| AI low | % | Placebo | 23 | 16.4 | 9.7 | 19.3 | 10.1 | 4.3 | 7.6 | |||||
| Garlic | 25 | 13.8 | 8.3 | NS | 18.1 | 9 | 3.6 | 9.1 | −0.5 | 2.5 | 0.85 | |||
| PWV | m/s | Placebo | 38 | 9.3 | 1.8 | 9.2 | 1.8 | −0.071 | 0.33 | |||||
| Garlic | 49 | 9.8 | 1.9 | NS | 9.5 | 1.6 | −0.28 | 0.58 | −0.16 | 0.11 | 0.13 | |||
| PWV high# | m/s | Placebo | 25 | 9.6 | 1.9 | 9.5 | 2 | −0.15 | 0.35 | |||||
| Garlic | 31 | 10.2 | 2.2 | NS | 9.7 | 1.9 | −0.49 | 0.62 | −0.33 | 0.14 | 0.02 | |||
| PWV normal | m/s | Placebo | 13 | 8.5 | 1.2 | 8.6 | 1.2 | 0.08 | 0.25 | |||||
| Garlic | 18 | 9 | 0.8 | NS | 9.1 | 0.9 | 0.07 | 0.29 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.89 | |||
Notes:
*
Upper 50th percentile of population range adjusted for age and sex;19
#
above normal population range, adjusted for age and sex.20 High AP/AI, upper 50% of population average; low AP/AI, lower 50% of population average; cardiac index, cardiac output from left ventricle in 1 minute per body surface area.
Abbreviations: AI, augmentation index (at 75%); AP, augmentation pressure; BP, blood pressure; cSBP, central systolic BP; cDBP, central diastolic BP; cPP, central pulse pressure; HR, heart rate; MAP, mean arterial pressure; NS, not significant; PWV, pulse-wave velocity; RM, reflection magnitude; SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error; TVR, total vascular resistance.