Table 4.

Multiple risk-factor model for hospitalization

Variable type	Variable	Risk factora	At-risk group, n (%)	P-valueb	OR	95% CIb
Sociodemographic	Age, years	≤50 vs >50	65 (34.0)	0.002	4.51	1.74–11.6
	Health literacy	≤12 vs >12	55 (28.8)	0.003	4.40	1.67–11.6
Illness	–
Pain, function, and pain treatment	WHO analgesic step (index medication)	Strong opioid vs nonopioids or weak opioids	153 (80.1)	0.009	7.81	1.67–36.6
Analgesic attitudes and barriers	BQ-II item: can harm your immune system	≤3 vs <3	44 (23.0)	0.002	4.79	1.79–12.8
Objective analgesic adherence	Analgesic adherence typec	Inconsistent vs consistent	146 (76.4)	<0.001	17,049	9,557–30,414

Notes:

^aReference category follows “vs”;

^bbased on robust empirical Wald z-tests;

^cORs and CIs are very large because no patients without the risk factor were hospitalized.

Abbreviations: BQ, Barriers Questionnaire; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; WHO, World Health Organization.