Table 1.

Correlation of radiological patterns and ultrasound findings in pulmonary disease in patients with HIV infection (radiological pattern and possible etiology adapted and modified from [58])

Radiological pattern	Expected US pattern	Possible etiology
Without radiological changes	A-lines Pleural line moving normally	PJP Asthma KS of the trachea
Focal infiltrates	Subpleural hypoechoic region ± hyperechoic air bronchograms “Hepatization” of the lung	Bacterial pneumonia Mycobacteriosis Fungi Lymphoma Lung cancer
Interstitial pattern	B-lines Possible small subpleural hypoechoic regions	PJP CMV KS Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia Interstitial lung diseases Cardiac insufficiency Fungi
Miliary pattern	Not reported	Mycobacteriosis Fungi
Pneumothorax	A-lines Absent lung sliding Identifiable ‘lung point’ In M-mode: “seashore sign”	PJP
Cavernous lesions	Not reported	Mycobacteriosis Bacterial abscess (Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas) Lung cancer
Cystic lesions	Multiple small echogenic gas containing lesions surrounded by hypoechoic solid lung	PJP Fungi PTB
Pleural effusion	Anechoic collection between chest wall and the lung Lung tissue may appear echogenic (compression atelectasis) Echogenic fibrin strands and septae possible	Bacterial pneumonia Mycobacteriosis KS Lymphoma Cardiac insufficiency

US ultrasound, PJP Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, KS Kaposi’s sarcoma, CMV cytomegalovirus, TB tuberculosis