Fig. 1.

Effects of Cd on urine volume, urinary creatinine, protein, cystatin C, β₂ microglobulin and Kim-1. Male Sprague–Dawley rats received daily subcutaneous injections of Cd (0.6 mg/kg) for up to 12 weeks, and 1 day at weeks 3, 6, 9 and 12, 24 h urine samples were collected and analyzed for creatinine, protein and the various biomarkers as described under “Materials and methods” section. An asterisk indicates significant differences from week matched control values as determined by 2-way ANOVA (p < 0.05) and Tukey’s post hoc test. A # indicates significant differences from week matched control values as determined by the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test (p < 0.05) and Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons. Values represent the mean ± SEM; n = 11–24 for each data point