Table 2. Effects of vagus nerve stimulation on metabolic parameters.

Metabolic parameters	Baseline	After HF 12 weeks	Post VNS 12 weeks
			Sham	VNS
Body weight (g)	261.1 ± 1.6	544.5 ± 6*	612.9 ± 9.6*	599.1 ± 10.6*
Food intake (g/day)	27.3 ± 0.5	20.8 ± 0.5*	20.4 ± 1.8*	20.2 ± 1.3*
Plasma glucose (mg/dl)	128.7 ± 6.7	127.9 ± 5.8	133.6 ± 4.3	133.7 ± 8.8
Plasma insulin (ng/ml)	1.7 ± 0.2	5.3 ± 0.3*	4.9 ± 1.4*	2.7 ± 0.2*,†,‡
HOMA index	9.2 ± 1.1	33.4 ± 5.5*	30.9 ± 10.8*	17.4 ± 2.9*,†,‡
Plasma total cholesterol (mg/dl)	61.8 ± 2	76.3 ± 2.7*	107.6 ± 7.5*,†	79.8 ± 2.7*,‡
Plasma triglyceride (mg/dl)	32.1 ± 2.1	30.6 ± 2.1	30.2 ± 3.3	21.4 ± 1.6*,†,‡
Plasma HDL (mg/dl)	23.5 ± 1.6	24.7 ± 1	25.3 ± 2.1	28.6 ± 1
Plasma LDL (mg/dl)	32.5 ± 2.2	46.1 ± 2.1*	66.4 ± 6*,†	48.6 ± 1.6*,‡

Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 vs. baseline, ^†p < 0.05 vs. after HF 12 weeks, ^‡p < 0.05 vs. sham group, n = 8/group.