Table 3.
Bivariate associations between parenting styles, other risk variables and adolescent substance use
| Onset of drunkenness |
Drunk >10 times |
Regular smoking |
Onset of illicit drug use |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n=917) |
(n=968) |
(n=923) |
(n=986) |
|||||
| OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Authoritarian | 1.05 (0.70 to 1.56) | 0.84 | 0.51 (0.25 to 0.97) | 0.04 | 0.86 (0.45 to 1.59) | 0.66 | 0.76 (0.18 to 2.65) | 0.78 |
| Permissive | 1.68 (1.13 to 2.50) | 0.01 | 1.60 (0.98 to 2.59) | 0.05 | 1.65 (0.97 to 2.81) | 0.06 | 2.46 (0.99 to 6.28) | 0.04 |
| Neglectful | 1.97 (1.40 to 2.77) | <0.001 | 1.87 (1.25 to 2.82) | <0.01 | 2.31 (1.50 to 3.60) | <0.001 | 2.25 (1.02 to 5.26) | 0.04 |
| Intervention school group | 1.13 (0.86 to 1.49) | 0.38 | 1.02 (0.73 to 1.44) | 0.93 | 0.93 (0.65 to 1.32) | 0.67 | 0.58 (0.31 to 1.07) | 0.07 |
| Female sex | 1.34 (1.02 to 1.76) | 0.03 | 1.64 (1.17 to 2.29) | <0.01 | 1.77 (1.23 to 2.53) | <0.01 | 1.07 (0.57 to 1.98) | 0.88 |
| Parental regular drinking | 1.41 (1.07 to 1.87) | 0.01 | 1.33 (0.95 to 1.86) | 0.10 | 1.24 (0.87 to 1.77) | 0.22 | 1.33 (0.71 to 2.46) | 0.37 |
| Parental daily smoking | 1.36 (0.99 to 1.88) | 0.06 | 1.45 (0.99 to 2.10) | 0.04 | 1.78 (1.21 to 2.60) | <0.01 | 1.72 (0.87 to 3.27) | 0.09 |
| Provision of alcohol by parents | 2.24 (1.69 to 2.97) | <0.001 | 2.17 (1.55 to 3.05) | <0.001 | 2.58 (1.81 to 3.69) | <0.001 | 1.38 (0.74 to 2.57) | 0.30 |
| Does not like it in school | 1.00 (0.66 to 1.50) | 1 | 1.07 (0.65 to 1.70) | 0.81 | 1.92 (1.19 to 3.03) | <0.01 | 2.11 (0.97 to 4.29) | 0.03 |
| Deviant peers | 1.09 (1.04 to 1.13) | <0.001 | 1.13 (1.09 to 1.18) | <0.001 | 1.19 (1.14 to 1.25) | <0.001 | 1.17 (1.1 to 1.25) | <0.001 |
| Delinquency | 2.26 (1.67 to 3.07) | <0.001 | 3.09 (2.20 to 4.35) | <0.001 | 3.28 (2.29 to 4.71) | <0.001 | 3.67 (1.96 to 7.02) | <0.001 |
| Baseline drunkenness | 5.63 (3.50 to 9.08) | <0.001 | 7.89 (4.68 to 13.4) | <0.001 | 5.43 (2.62 to 10.8) | <0.001 | ||
| Baseline cigarette use | 4.81 (3.18 to 7.40) | <0.001 | 4.12 (2.88 to 5.90) | <0.001 | 6.32 (4.30 to 9.32) | <0.001 | 3.50 (1.86 to 6.53) | <0.001 |
| Baseline regular smoking | 8.27 (1.06 to 373.6) | 0.03 | 6.49 (2.63 to 16.6) | <0.001 | 27.5 (7.74 to 149.5) | <0.001 | 6.70 (1.83 to 20.4) | <0.01 |
| Baseline illicit drug use | Inf* | 0.47 | 6.48 (0.73 to 78.0) | 0.05 | 6.93 (0.79 to 83.8) | 0.04 | ||
*All of those who used illicit drugs at baseline had been drunk at follow-up, so no OR could be calculated