Table 4.

Multivariate associations between parenting styles, other risk variables, and adolescent substance use

	Onset of drunkenness		Drunk >10 times		Regular smoking		Onset of illicit drug use
	(n=917)		(n=968)		(n=923)		(n=986)
	OR (95% CI)	p Value	OR (95% CI)	p Value	OR (95% CI)	p Value	OR (95% CI)	p Value
Authoritarian	0.89 (0.59 to 1.33)	0.56	0.37 (0.18 to 0.69)	<0.001	0.60 (0.31 to 1.11)	0.11	0.58 (0.18 to 1.88)	0.36
Permissive	1.37 (0.92 to 2.06)	0.12	1.06 (0.64 to 1.74)	0.83	0.99 (0.56 to 1.74)	0.98	1.56 (0.66 to 3.73)	0.31
Neglectful intervention school group	1.38 (0.97 to 1.97)	0.07	0.94 (0.6 to 1.47)	0.79	0.99 (0.60 to 1.61)	0.96	1.08 (0.48 to 2.43)	0.86
							0.57 (0.31 to 1.03)	0.06
Female sex parental regular drinking	1.41 (1.07 to 1.86)	0.02	1.74 (1.23 to 2.76)	<0.01	1.86 (1.26 to 2.73)	<0.01
Parental daily smoking					1.19 (0.77 to 1.81)	0.42
Provision of alcohol by parents	1.79 (1.34 to 2.39)	<0.001	1.41 (0.98 to 2.02)	0.06	1.58 (1.07 to 2.34)	0.02
Does not like it in school
Deviant peers			1.04 (0.99 to 1.1)	0.11	1.10 (1.04 to 1.16)	<0.001	*	0.03
Delinquency	1.58 (1.14 to 2.18)	<0.01	1.87 (1.28 to 2.73)	<0.01	1.72 (1.14 to 2.58)	<0.01	2.23 (1.16 to 4.29)	0.02
Baseline drunkenness			2.19 (1.29 to 3.72)	<0.01	2.31 (1.29 to 4.14)	<0.01	2.56 (1.21 to 5.41)	0.01
Baseline cigarette use, baseline regular smoking	3.69 (2.45 to 5.66)	<0.001	2.31 (1.53 to 3.47)	<0.001	3.37 (2.18 to 5.2)	<0.001
Baseline illicit drug use

*See diagram in figure 2.