Table 3. Comparison of demographic and device-related features between subjects sitting or standing to use smartphones.
| Variables | All (n = 1,230) | Sitting (n = 817) | Standing (n = 413) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||
| <20 years | 91 (7.4) | 52 (6.4) | 39 (9.4) | <0.0001 |
| 20–40 years | 919 (74.7) | 579 (70.9) | 340 (82.3) | |
| 40–60 years | 205 (16.7) | 174 (21.3) | 31 (7.5) | |
| >60 years | 15 (1.2) | 12 (1.5) | 3 (0.7) | |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 454 (36.9) | 274 (33.5) | 180 (43.6) | 0.001 |
| Female | 776 (63.1) | 543 (66.5) | 233 (56.4) | |
| Tasks | ||||
| Browsing | 1,038 (84.4) | 686 (84.0) | 352 (85.2) | 0.72 |
| Texting | 99 (8.0) | 66 (8.1) | 33 (8.0) | |
| Gaming | 46 (3.7) | 33 (4.0) | 13 (3.1) | |
| Talking | 32 (2.6) | 20 (2.4) | 12 (2.9) | |
| Listening | 15 (1.2) | 12 (1.5) | 3 (0.7) | |
| Device orientation | 0.45 | |||
| Portrait | 1,147 (93.3) | 765 (93.6) | 382 (92.5) | |
| Landscape | 83 (6.7) | 52 (6.4) | 31 (7.5) | |
| Holding device | ||||
| Both hands | 270 (22.0) | 195 (23.9) | 75 (18.2) | <0.0001 |
| Right hand | 283 (23.0) | 159 (19.5) | 124 (30.0) | |
| Left hand | 673 (54.7) | 459 (56.2) | 214 (51.8) | |
| Nil | 4 (0.3) | 4 (0.5) | — | |
| Screen operation | ||||
| Both hands | 121 (9.8) | 75 (9.2) | 46 (11.1) | <0.0001 |
| Right hand | 753 (61.2) | 536 (65.6) | 217 (52.5) | |
| Left hand | 219 (17.8) | 110 (13.5) | 109 (26.4) | |
| Nil | 137 (11.1) | 96 (11.8) | 41 (9.9) |