. 2016 Feb;3(1):23–42. doi: 10.1177/2049936115622891

Table 1.

Antimicrobial susceptibility of C. difficile clinical isolates from 30 studies published between 2012 and 2015.

Year of isolation	Country	Number of clinical isolates	Percentage of clinical isolates resistant to												*Predominant C. difficile* types (method different from PCR-**	Susceptibility method	References
			CFs						FQs						ribotyping)
			CTT	FOX	CRO	CTX	CLI	ERY	CIP	MXF	GAT	RIF	MTZ	VAN
2000–2009	Germany	34						76	88	68					001, 027	Etest	Reil et al. [2012]
2002–2005	Japan	73			93.2		87.7	87.7	100				0.0	0.0		Etest	Oka et al. [2012]
2006–2007	Canada	432			35.4		50.5			45.1			0.0	0.0	NAP1, 2, 4, 6 (PFGE)	AD	Karlowsky et al. [2012]
2006–2008	Switzerland	86			30.4		52.3		98.8				0.0	1.2		Etest	Büchler et al. [2014]
2008–2009	US and Canada	316					41.5			38		7.9	0.0		002, 017, 027, 053, 078,104, 106	Etest	Tenover et al. [2012]
2009	France	224					34.8	19,2		8			0.0	0.0	014/020/077, 078/126, 015, 002, 005, 027	Etest	Eckert et al. [2013]
2009	Spain	154					74	49	100	43		24	0.0	0.0		Etest	Rodríguez-Pardo et al. [2013]
2000–2009	Korea	120	19				81	80	100	42					001, 018, 017, 014/020	AD	Lee et al. [2014]
2008–2010	South Korea	131					67.9			62.6		19.1	0.0	0.0	018, 017, 001	Etest	Kim et al. [2012]
2005–2010	Taiwan	403					73.5			17.9			0.0	0.5		AD	Liao et al. [2012]
2007–2010	Texas	271		96.3					98.5				13.3	0.0		Etest	Norman et al. [2014]
2008–2010	Poland	17					100	100	100	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0	027, 176	Etest	Obuch-Woszczatynski et al. [2014]
2008–2010	Hungary	88								19.7		14.9	0.0	0.0		Etest	Eitel et al. [2015]
2008–2010	Hungary	200					29.5	31		21.5		11.5	0.0			Etest	Terhes et al. [2014]
2009–2010	Poland	10										80.0	0.0	0.0	046, 017	Etest	Obuch-Woszczatynski et al. [2013]
2010	US	46					8.3			78.0			0.0		027,001, 014/020,005	Etest	Zhou et al. [2014]
2010–2011	Croatia	23					39	30	96	22	26		0.0	0.0	001, 014	Etest	Novak et al. [2014]
2007–2011	Spain	196						18.0		20.0			0.0	0.0	014, 078, 001	Etest	Weber et al. [2013]
2008–2011	Slovenia	92	1.1	98.9			42.4	13.0	100	11.9		2.2	0.0	0.0	002, 014/020, 012, 029, 046	BD	Pirš et al. [2013]
2010–2011	Iran	75				100	89.3	57.3					5.3	8.0		AD	Goudarzi et al. [2013]
2010–2012	China	60		86.67			73.3			30.0		1.7	0.0	0.0	tr017, tr065, tr014, tr012 (TRST)	AD	Dong et al. [2013]
2011–2012	US	317					19			21			0.0	0.0	078, PA01, PA04	Etest	Varshney et al. [2014]
2011–2012	Europe	953					49.62			39.99		13.40	0.11	0.87	027, 001/072, 078,014	AI	Freeman et al. [2015]
2012	Poland	83					27.7	85.5	100	83.1		18.0	0.0	0.0	027, 176	Etest	Lachowicz et al. [2015]
2011–2013	Japan	159					69	70		62	71	1.2	0.0	0.0	018, 369, 014, 002	Etest	Senoh et al. [2015]
2012–2013	Japan	130			49		59		99				0.0	0.0	ST2, ST17, ST8 (MLST)	AD	Kuwata et al. [2015]
2013–2014	Australia	440			18.2		84.3			3.4			0.0	0.0	014, 002	AD	Knight et al. [2015]
2014	Israel	208								66			18	47	027	Etest	Adler et al. [2015]
2014–2015	Czech Republic	20					10	100	100	100		65	0.0	0.0	176	Etest	Krutova et al. [2015]
–	Zimbabwe	23				100	100	43.5	100				0.0	0.0		DD	Simango and Ulandi [2014]

CFs, cephalosporins; FQs, fluoroquinolones; CTT, cefotetan; FOX, cefoxitin; CRO, ceftriaxone; CTX, cefotaxime; CLI, clindamycin; ERY, erythromycin; CIP, ciprofloxacin; MXF, moxifloxacin; GAT, gatifloxacin; RIF, rifampin; MTZ, metronidazole; VAN, vancomycin; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PFGE, pulsed field gel electrophoresis; TRST, tandem repeat sequence typing; MLST, multi locus sequence typing; AD, agar dilution; BD, broth dilution; AI, agar incorporation; DD, disk diffusion.