Table 3.

Genetic elements involved in C. difficile antibiotic resistance.

Antibiotic	Resistance mechanism	Genetic element	Gene	References
MLSB	Ribosomal methylation	Tn5398 and Tn5398-like	ermB	Farrow et al. [2001]; Brouwer et al. [2011]; Spigaglia et al. [2005]; Spigaglia et al. [2011]
		Tn6194	ermB	Wasels et al. [2013]; He et al. [2010, 2013]
		Tn6215	ermB	Goh et al. [2013]; Wasels et al. [2015]
		Tn6218	ermAB/cfr	Dingle et al. [2014]
Tetracycline	Ribosomal protection	Tn5397	tetM	Roberts et al. [2001, 2011]
		Tn916-like	tetM	Sebaihia et al. [2006]; Brouwer et al. [2011, 2012]; Spigaglia et al. [2005, 2007]
		Tn6164	tet44	Corver et al. [2012]
Chloramphenicol	Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase	Tn4453a and Tn4453b	catD	Wren et al. [1988, 1989]