Table 6.
Antibiotic resistance patterns of MDR C. difficile clinical isolates from 13 studies published between 2012 and 2015.
| Year of isolation | Country | Number of MDR clinical isolates (%) | C. difficile PCR-ribotypes associate to MDR | Pattern of resistance (number of clinical isolates) | References | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000–2009 | Korea | 94 (-) | 001, 018, 017 | CLI | ERY | CIP | (86) | Lee et al. [2014] | |||
| 2008–2009 | US and Canada | 22 (27.5%) | 027 | CLI | MXF | RIF | (22) | Tenover et al. [2012] | |||
| 2009–2010 | Poland | 7 (70%) | 046 | CLI | MXF | ERY | RIF | (7) | Obuch-Woszczatynski et al. [2013] | ||
| 2008–2010 | Poland | 17 (100%) | 176, 027 | CLI | ERY | MXF | CIP | GAT | (17) | Obuch-Woszczatynski et al. [2014] | |
| 2012 | Poland | 71 (85.5%) | 027, 176, 012, 046 | ERY | MXF | CIP | RIF | (15) | Lachowicz et al. [2015] | ||
| ERY | MXF | IMP | (21) | ||||||||
| CLI | ERY | CIP | IMP | (2) | |||||||
| 2010–2011 | Croatia | 7 (30%) | 001 | CLI | ERY | CIP | LVX | GAT | MXF | (7) | Novak et al. [2014] |
| 2010–2011 | Iran | 36(48%) | CLI | ERY | CTX | MTZ | (3) | Goudarzi et al. [2013] | |||
| CLI | ERY | CTX | VAN | (2) | |||||||
| CLI | ERY | CTX | (30) | ||||||||
| CLI | CTX | VAN | (1) | ||||||||
| 2010–2012 | China | 44 (73.3%) | tr017, tr065, tr014,tr012, tr46, tr039, trsh2 | CLI | FOX | CIP | (14) | Dong et al. [2013] | |||
| CIP | FOX | TET | (1) | ||||||||
| CLI | FOX | CIP | MXF | (4) | |||||||
| CLI | FOX | CIP | RIF | (1) | |||||||
| CLI | FOX | CIP | TET | (9) | |||||||
| CLI | FOX | CIP | TET | MXF | (13) | ||||||
| CLI | CIP | TET | MXF | (1) | |||||||
| CLI | CIP | TET | (1) | ||||||||
| 2011–2013 | Japan | 96 (-) | 018, 369 | CLI | ERY | MXF | GAT | (86) | Senoh et al. [2015] | ||
| CLI | ERY | GAT | (11) | ||||||||
| 2012–2013 | Japan | 51 (39.2%) | ST17, ST81 | CLI | CIP | CRO | (51) | Kuwata et al. [2015] | |||
| 2012–2013 | Italy | 61 (71%) | 356, 018, 126, 027, 046 | CLI | ERY | MXF | RIF | (48) | Spigaglia et al. [2015] | ||
| CLI | ERY | MXF | (11) | ||||||||
| CLI | ERY | RIF | (2) | ||||||||
| 2014–2015 | Czech Republic | 13 (65) | 176 | ERY | MXF | CIP | RIF | (13) | Krutova et al. [2015] | ||
| – | Zimbabwe | 23 (100) | CLI | ERY | CIP | CTX | (23) | Simango and Ulandi [2014] | |||
MDR, multidrug resistance; CLI, clindamycin; ERY, erythromycin; CIP, ciprofloxacin; MXF, moxifloxacin; RIF, rifampin; GAT, gatifloxacin; IMP, imipenem; LVX, levofloxacin; CTX, cefotaxime; MTZ, metronidazole; VAN, vancomycin; FOX, cefoxitin.