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Effects of overexpressing APE/Ref-1 in hepatocytes. (A) Upregulation of APE/Ref-1 was confirmed by western blotting as well as AP-1/c-Fos, MMP-1, Snail and Bcl-2 48 h after transfection. (B) Slight influence of APE/Ref-1 overexpression on cell proliferation with a 12% increase by 48 h. (C) APE/Ref-1 positively regulated cell metastasis determined by Matrigel invasion assay. Fold change is shown as the mean ± SD. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 versus control. Columns, mean (n=3); bars, SD.
