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. 2015 Dec 21;5(2):361–369. doi: 10.1002/cam4.584

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© 2015 The Authors. Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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(a) Apoptosis of nano‐AE (aloe emodin–encapsulated nanoliposomes)‐mediated r‐caspase‐3 gene transfection and photodynamic therapy (PDT) on gastric cancer cells (6.4 J/cm²). (b) Morphological changes in the cell nuclei undergoing nano‐AE‐mediated r‐caspase‐3 gene transfection and PDT on gastric cancer cells (6.4 J/cm²). (c) The percentage of death quantified by the Hoechst stain. A: blank control; B: pDNA group; C: nano‐AE group; D: nano‐AE transfection group; E: pure light group; F: pDNA and light group; G: nano‐AE PDT group; H: nano‐AE transfection and PDT group. *P < 0.05, Group D/G/H versus Group A. #P < 0.05, Group G/H versus Group D. Values are mean ± SD of three independent determinations.