Table 1.
Characteristics of Kuwaiti Adults by Vitamin D Status, NNSSK 2008–2009
| Vitamin D status (Serum 25(OH)D) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sufficient (≥20 ng/ml) (N = 165) |
Inadequate (12–19.9 ng/ml) (N = 447) |
Deficient (<12 ng/ml) (N = 348) |
P value | |
| Age (year), mean (SD) | 49.6 (15.2) | 44.2 (14.5) | 39.3 (12.7) | <0.0001 |
| Sex, N (%) | ||||
| Male | 84 (50.9) | 238 (53.2) | 114 (32.8) | <0.0001 |
| Female | 81 (49.1) | 209 (46.8) | 234 (67.2) | |
| Education, N (%) | ||||
| Less than high school | 70 (42.4) | 146 (32.7) | 76 (21.8) | <0.0001 |
| High school | 17 (10.3) | 79 (17.7) | 72 (20.7) | |
| College or higher | 78 (42.3) | 222 (49.7) | 200 (57.5) | |
| BMI (kg/m 2 ), mean (SD) | 28.3 (5.1) | 30.1 (6.5) | 30.4 (6.8) | 0.001 |
| N (%) | ||||
| <25 | 44 (26.7) | 91 (20.5) | 70 (20.2) | 0.01 |
| 25–29 | 67 (40.6) | 149 (33.6) | 105 (30.3) | |
| ≥30 | 54 (32.7) | 204 (46.0) | 172 (49.6) | |
| Physical activitya, N (%) | ||||
| Sedentary | 140 (84.9) | 367 (82.5) | 297 (85.8) | 0.42 |
| Active | 25 (15.2) | 78 (17.5) | 49 (14.2) | |
| Smoking status, N (%) | ||||
| Nonsmokers | 102 (61.8) | 286 (64.0) | 262 (75.3) | 0.005 |
| Former smokers | 24 (14.6) | 63 (14.1) | 35 (10.1) | |
| Current smokers | 39 (23.6) | 98 (21.9) | 51 (14.7) | |
| Season of blood drawb, N (%) | ||||
| Winter/Spring | 9 (5.5) | 64 (14.6) | 66 (19.5) | 0.0002 |
| Summer/fall | 155 (94.5) | 374 (85.4) | 273 (80.5) | |
| Dietary intake of vitamin D (IU/day per 1,000 kcal) | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 26.7 (57.3) | 19.9 (47.1) | 14.8 (41.0) | 0.02 |
| N (%) | ||||
| Low (<20.9) | 195 (51.5) | 171 (53.9) | 137 (57.3) | 0.02 |
| High (≥20.9) | 184 (48.5) | 146 (46.1) | 102 (42.7) | |
| Supplemental use of vitamin D, N (%) | ||||
| No | 148 (89.7) | 428 (95.8) | 341 (98.0) | 0.0001 |
| Yes | 17 (10.3) | 19 (4.3) | 7 (2.0) | |
| Dietary intake of calcium (mg/day per 1,000 kcal) | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 368.8 (265.4) | 319.2 (236.8) | 296.8 (208.3) | 0.0004 |
| N(%) | ||||
| Low (<348.2) | 217 (55.9) | 154 (47.5) | 108 (44.4) | 0.01 |
| High (≥348.2) | 171 (44.1) | 170 (52.5) | 135 (55.6) | |
| Supplemental use of calcium, N (%) | ||||
| No | 136 (82.4) | 406 (90.8) | 329 (94.5) | <0.0001 |
| Yes | 29 (17.6) | 41 (9.2) | 19 (5.5) | |
aA subject was defined as being physically active if having moderate physical activity ≥150 min/week or strenuous physical activity ≥75 min/week, and physically inactive otherwise, according to the 2008 CDC physical activity guidelines [1]
bSpring and summer seasons were Feb.16-Nov.4, and fall and winter seasons were Nov.5–Feb.15