Table 3.

Example of topics based on business model components.

Building blocks	Central question	Explanation
Value proposition (the technology and its services)	What value should antibiotic stewardship (ASP) offer?	The value proposition is basically the to-be-developed platform for ASP. We prepared concrete questions like “What value does ASP need to deliver to you, to your department, and to the hospital?,” “What problems does it help to solve?,” “What technology and services can we offer to you?,” and “What do you deem really necessary to be satisfied with ASP?”
Customers, key resources, and key partners (the stakeholders)	Who are the stakeholders?	Here we focused on all human interactions relevant for ASP. We asked which stakeholders (people or organizations the stakeholder interacted with, or should interact with for ASP). We made a list of stakeholders, described their role briefly, and ranked their importance. We also asked for external stakeholders who may be relevant for ASP as, in general, stakeholders tended to respond from their internal, hospital perspective.
Key resources and key activities (the infrastructure)	What is the required infrastructure?	We asked “How can ASP be integrated with your daily routine?” Regarding possible resources, we asked what tools, means, documents, sources, or people were necessary for ASP and their importance. We had to steer the stakeholder by asking specifically whether a certain technical infrastructure is needed, what technical medium, which data flows and connections or systems are relevant to assess the needs for eHealth technology. We also steered by asking what knowledge is further required, in terms of support from people or literature to have an ASP to assess what resources are specific to ASP.
Costs and revenues (the added values)	What are the success factors?	We avoided monetary discussions with stakeholders. Costs and revenues are always a difficult subject as there may be many benefits not directly linkable to 1 particular stakeholder. In the focus group we organized earlier, stakeholders stated there is a trade-off between quality and efficiency regarding ASP and that they should be balanced [30]. Therefore, we chose to ask for effects and success factors. We asked what the expected effects on patient outcomes (eg, length of stay, mortality, treatment duration, patient safety) would be and their relative importance and whether other quality aspects not directly related to the patient are relevant. We did the same for efficiency, and so, what are the important outcomes for efficiency (costs, less usage of antibiotics, fewer complications, etc) and their importance.