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. 2016 Feb 2;7:46. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00046

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Copyright © 2016 Wegener, Krukenberg, Ruff, Kellermann and Knittel.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Sulfur disproportionation and sulfate reduction in AOM enrichment cultures. (A–C) Comparison of developments of sulfide concentrations in the three AOM enrichments under AOM conditions [methane (0.2 MPa) plus sulfate (20 mM; open circles)] and during addition of colloidal sulfur (20 mM; filled circles; two replicates) within 18 days. (D,E) Comparison of sulfide and sulfate production in zero-valent sulfur amendments of E20 and G37; disproportionation has not been observed in G50. The observed approximate 3:1 stoichiometry between sulfide and sulfate production is characteristic for disproportionation of elemental (zero-valent) sulfur. (F) Phylogenetic affiliation of sulfur-disproportionating (red) and sulfate-reducing (green) bacteria within the Deltaproteobacteria based on nearly full-length 16S rRNA sequences retrieved from high dilutions of AOM-active cultures supplied with elemental sulfur.