Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants according to tertiles of changes in TPE.
| TPE (mg GAE/g creatinine) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q 1 | Q 2 | Q 3 | P | ||||
| (ΔTP < −11.4) | (−11.4 ≤ ΔTP ≤ 24.6) | (ΔTP > 24.6) | |||||
| Number of subjects | 191 | 191 | 191 | ||||
| Women, n (%) | 101 | (52.9) | 83 | (43.5) | 112 | (58.6) | 0.011 |
| Age (y), mean (SD) | 66.7 | (5.9) | 67.3 | (5.8) | 68.00 | (6.0) | 0.113 |
| Weight (kg), mean (SD) | 73.9 | (10.6) | 77.1 | (11.6) | 74.5 | (10.7) | 0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 28.9 | (3.1) | 29.6 | (3.5) | 29.2 | (3.2) | 0.103 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg), mean (SD) | 149.8 | (17.9) | 151.6 | (16.9) | 152.8 | (18.6) | 0.238 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg), mean (SD) | 84.3 | (9.8) | 85.9 | (10.0) | 85.5 | (10.4) | 0.269 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 151 | (79.1) | 152 | (79.6) | 158 | (82.7) | 0.621 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 78 | (40.8) | 85 | (44.5) | 75 | (39.3) | 0.567 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 136 | (72.3) | 117 | (61.3) | 128 | (67) | 0.074 |
| Smoking status | 0.641 | ||||||
| Current, n (%) | 35 | (18.3) | 34 | (17.8) | 28 | (14.7) | 0.586 |
| Former, n (%) | 36 | (18.8) | 43 | (22.5) | 47 | (24.6) | 0.388 |
| Never, n (%) | 120 | (62.8) | 114 | (59.7) | 116 | (60.7) | 0.814 |
| Family history of CHD, n (%) | 65 | (35.3) | 75 | (40.3) | 75 | (41.2) | 0.460 |
| Medication | |||||||
| Aspirin, n (%) | 33 | (32.0) | 35 | (34.0) | 35 | (34.0) | 0.949 |
| Antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | 131 | (68.6) | 142 | (74.3) | 141 | (73.8) | 0.381 |
| Hypolipidemic drugs, n (%) | 91 | (47.6) | 70 | (36.6) | 78 | (40.8) | 0.089 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 10 | (5.2) | 9 | (4.7) | 8 | (4.2) | 0.890 |
| Oral hypoglycemic drugs, n (%) | 40 | (20.9) | 46 | (24.1) | 45 | (23.6) | 0.736 |
| Vitamin or minerals, n (%) | 18 | (9.5) | 16 | (8.5) | 13 | (6.9) | 0.644 |
| Educational level | |||||||
| Primary school, n (%) | 140 | (74.1) | 139 | (73.5) | 146 | (76.8) | 0.793 |
| High school, n (%) | 32 | (16.9) | 28 | (14.8) | 28 | (14.7) | |
| University, n (%) | 17 | (9.2) | 22 | (11.6) | 16 | (8.4) | |
| Physical activity at leisure time (MET-min/d) | 275 | (212) | 287 | (204) | 269 | (183) | 0.696 |
| Polyphenol intake (mg/d) | 853.4 | (239.8) | 831.2 | (248.9) | 882.7 | (247.8) | 0.135 |
BMI: body mass index; CHD: coronary heart disease; GAE: gallic acid equivalent; TPE: total polyphenol excretion.
Data are given as means (SD) for continuous variables and percentages for categorical variables; P < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.
∗ P values calculated by analysis of variance or χ 2 tests.