Table 1.

Characteristics of the sample.

Sociodemographic characteristics
Age (years)	M = 58.3; DS = 12.4
Gender (% female)	31.2
Disease duration	M = 14.4; DS = 11.1
Marital status (%)
Never married	7.5
Married	79.5
Divorced	10.8
Widowed	2.2
Employment (%)
Employed	43.0
Retired	44.0
Housewife	3.2
Student	2.2
Unemployed	5.4
Other	2.2
Education (%)
Elementary school	5.4
Junior high school	14.0
High school	50.5
College education	23.7
Ph.D. or M.S. degree	6.4
Psychometric measures
PHE-S	Median = 3 (range 1–4); entropy = 0.89; ordinal alpha = 0.82
PAM	M = 66.8 (range 0–100); DS = 18.3; Cronbach's alpha = 0.93
MMAS-4	M = 1.3 (range 0–4); DS = 1.3; Cronbach's alpha = 0.81
HCCQ	M = 66.8 (range 13–91); DS = 15.1; Cronbach's alpha = 0.92