. 2016 Jan 5;2016:4868536. doi: 10.1155/2016/4868536

(a).

Author, year	Aim	Sample's characteristics	Exercise protocols	Samples obtained	Oxidative or inflammatory main results
Adachi et al. 1997 [50]	eNO and VNO in patients with CHF during exercise^∗	CHF patients and healthy control subjects (C)	Maximal incremental cycloergometer test in CHF patients (10 W/min) and C (25 W/min) until exhaustion	EB	DE: ↑ VNO during exercise peak in C

Agostoni and Bussotti 2003 [51]	Correlation between eNO and lung mechanics during exercise in CHF^∗	CHF patients and healthy control subjects (C)	25-W constant workload exercise cycle-ergometry test	EB	DE: ↓ eNO during 3rd and 5th minutes of exercise in C

Araneda et al. 2005 [46]	Lung oxidative damage from exercise at a medium altitude^∗	Highly trained mountain bikers	Three repetitions of cycle-ergometries of 1 min at maximum intensity in 670 and 2160 MASL with breaks of 1 min	EBC and serum	PE: ↑ [MDA] in EBC, with no changes in serum at 2160 MASL

Araneda et al. 2012 [52]	Duration of a long distance exercise on pulmonary oxidative damage	Amateur runners	Urban 10 km (~53 min), 21 km (~101 min), and 42.2 km races (~246 min)	EBC	PE: ↑ [H₂O₂] and ↑ [NO₂ ⁻] in 21 km and 42.2 km races and no changes in [MDA]; there was a tendency to ↓ of pH

Araneda et al. 2014 [53]	Pulmonary oxidative damage in long distance exercise	Healthy active subjects	10 km race in outdoor athletic track (~50 min)	EBC	PE: ↑ [H₂O₂], ↑ [NO₂ ⁻]_EBC/[NO₂ ⁻]_Plasma with no changes in the [MDA]; there was a tendency to ↑ of pH

Bikov et al. 2010 [54]	Changes in [Cys-LTs] caused by exercise in asthmatic patients	Nonsmoking asthmatic patients (A) and nonsmoking healthy control subjects (C)	Race on treadmill at a speed and slope maintaining 80–90% HR_max (220 − age), which was regulated in 2 min and then maintained during 6 min	EBC	PE: with no changes in [Cys-LTs] in C, but ↑ in A

Bikov et al. 2014 [55]	Changes in EBC_pH during EIB in asthmatic patients^∗	Asthmatics, who reported breathlessness following exercise, and healthy control subjects (C)	Exercise challenge test on a treadmill (details were not described by authors)	EBC and EB	PE: no change of pH in EBC in C

Bonsignore et al. 2001 [56]	Endurance exercise on inflammatory cells in AWs and eNO	Amateur runners	Marathon race (~179 min)	IS and EB	PE: ↑ PMN in IS and ↑ eNO in EB

Bonsignore et al. 2003 [57]	Swimming on inflammatory cells and eNO in the AWs	Swimmers (S) and healthy control subjects (C)	Swimming of 5 km only in the swimmers group, an open pool series (~70 min) and other series in the sea (~54 min)	IS and EB	B: >PMN and <MØ in the IS of S versus C PE: ↑ eosinophils, ↑ lymphocytes, and ↓ MØ in the sea versus swimming pool; eNO was > in the sea in comparison to swimming pool

Carbonnelle et al. 2008 [58]	eNO after swimming sessions^∗	Trained healthy young people, not trained with swimming	Swimming in 2 sessions of 45 min (~1300 m), in a disinfected pool with [NaClO] and another sanitized with electrical process	EB	PE: ↑ eNO only in sanitized pool

Chimenti et al. 2009 [40]	Inflammation of the AWs in urban races in different climatic seasons^∗	Amateur runners	21 km race in autumn (~89.1 min), 12 km race in winter (~46.1 min), and 10 km race in summer (~35.4 min)	IS	B: ↑ PMNs with ↑ [TNF-α] and ↑ [IL-8] PE: PMNs tended to ↑

Chimenti et al. 2010 [5]	Damage and inflammation of the lung epithelium in a long distance exercise	Amateur runners and healthy control subjects	20 km outdoor races (~90 min)	IS and serum	PE: ↑ [IL-8] in IS and ↑ CC16 in serum

Chirpaz-Oddou et al. 1997 [59]	eNO and VNO during exercise	Healthy control and trained subjects	Incremental cycloergometry to exhaustion with 5 min of passive recovery in sedentary subjects (♂ ~30 min and ♀ ~20 min) and trained subjects (~14 min)	EB	DE: ↓ eNO progressive with ↑ exercise intensity from 65% VO₂max and ↑ VNO with the ↑ of the intensity of exercise > 30 W in all subjects

Clini et al. 2000 [60]	To evaluate eNO during exercise in patients with stable COPD^∗	COPD patients and healthy control subjects (C)	Maximal cycle-ergometry test (cadence: 60 cycles/min and load: 10 W/min) until exhaustion	EB	DE: ↓ eNO at peak exercise and ↑ VNO in C

De Gouw et al. 2001 [61]	Role of eNO in the airway response to exercise by using L-NMMA, L-arginine, or placebo as pretreatment to exercise challenge^∗	Asthmatic patients and healthy control subjects (C)	Cycle-ergometry for 6 min using dry air, while ventilation was kept constant in 40–50% of his or her predicted maximal voluntary ventilation (35 × FEV₁)	EB	PE: ↑ eNO 30 min after exercise in C

Denguezli-Bouzgarrou et al. 2006 [62]	Endurance exercise and inflammatory cells of the AWs	Long-distance runners	Races on treadmill at 80% of MAS (~60 min)	IS	PE: ↑ PMNs, ↓ MØ, and ↑ lymphocytes

Denguezli-Bouzgarrou et al. 2007 [63]	Inflammatory mediators, cellular composition in AWs, and acute exercise during a sports season	Long-distance runners	Race at 80% MAS during the basic, precompetitive, and competitive period of a sport season in 1 year (~60 min)	IS	PE: ↑ PMNs in the precompetitive and competitive period. ↑ MØ in the precompetitive period; also, ↑ [histamine], ↑ [IL-8], ↑ [LTB₄], and ↑ [LTE₄] in the competitive phase

Evjenth et al. 2013 [64]	To investigate the effect on FE_NO of a standardized exercise challenge test on a treadmill^∗	Nonasthmatic children with and without allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (AR) symptoms	Run on treadmill (6 to 8 min); heart rate target during the last 4 min was 95% of predicted maximum heart rate (220 − age)	EB	PE: ↓ eNO in nonasthmatic children without allergic rhinoconjunctivitis

Font-Ribera et al. 2010 [65]	Inflammation and postexercise pulmonary oxidative stress^∗	Healthy subjects	Swimming in a chlorinated indoor-swimming pool (40 min), whose average speed was 22.5 ± 9.7 m/min	EBC and EB	PE: no changes of eNO in EB; [RANTES], [IL-12p70], [IFN-γ], [IL-4], [IL-8], [IL-10], [IFN-γ-induced protein 10], [TNF], [VEGF], and [8-isoprostane] in the EBC were not modified

García-Río et al. 2006 [66]	FE_NO before and after exercise challenge in patients with asthma and its relationship with airway obstruction^∗	Nonsmoking, steroid-naïve, atopic patients with mild persistent asthma and nonsmoking, nonatopic, healthy subjects (C)	Performing an exercise challenge on a cycloergometer, with monitored ventilation (exercise parameters were not presented)	EB	PE: with no changes in eNO of healthy subjects

Hopkins et al. 1997 [67]	Pulmonary capillary pressure and function of the alveolar-capillary barrier during intense exercise^∗	Athletes with signs of hemoptysis by exercise and healthy control subjects	4 km cycling with 12% hill sloping during ~7 min	BALF	PE: >alveolar MØ, >[LTB₄], and < lymphocytes in athletes versus control subjects

Kippelen et al. 2002 [68]	eNO level in endurance-trained athletes during and after intense exercise^∗	Nine athletes with exercise-induced hypoxaemia (EIH), 12 athletes without EIH, and 10 untrained subjects	15 min intense cycling exercise at 90% VO₂max	EB	DE: ↓ eNO and ↑ VNO (last 3 minutes) in all groups

Larsson et al. 1998 [32]	Cold air and inflammation in the AWs during rest and exercise^∗	Healthy subjects	Race on treadmill at −23°C and +22°C, each with 4 stages with 15 min at moderate intensity and 15 min of recovery	BALF	PE: at −23°C ↑ granulocytes and ↑ MØ; no changes in [IL-8]

Lovell et al. 2000 [69]	eNO and incremental exercise test in chronic congestive cardiac failure^∗	Chronic congestive cardiac failure patients and healthy control subjects (C)	Performing Bruce protocol modified by inclusion of an initial 3 min stage at 5% incline, later performing a constant workload test (6 min at 2.7 km h⁻¹ and 5% incline)	EB	DE: ↓ eNO and ↑ VNO during Bruce test in C; ↑ VNO during constant workload test

Mantione et al. 2007 [70]	eNO breath levels just before engaging in their respective activity	Healthy control subjects	Going up and down the stairs on a 20-foot staircase for 2 min	EB	PE: ↓ eNO 1 minute after exercise

Matsumoto et al. 1994 [71]	eNO and VNO during exercise	Healthy subjects	Cycle-ergometry at 100 W and maximum intensity with 5 min of recovery (~13 min)	EB	DE: ↑ VNO at 100 W and at maximum pedaling intensity

Marek et al. 2008 [72]	[L-lactate] and [H₂O₂] during exercise^∗	Healthy subjects	Cycle-ergometer steady-state exercise at 60 W (~7 min) and 120 W (~5 min)	EBC	DE: ↑ [L-lactate] and ↑ [H₂O₂] in 60 W and 120 W

Marek et al. 2009 [73]	Maximal exercise, H₂O₂ release rate, and acid-base status	Amateur athletes	Incremental cycloergometry to exhaustion (~13 min)	EBC	PE: ↑ [H₂O₂] with no changes in pH nor [HCO₃ ⁻]

Marek et al. 2013 [74]	Exercising in cold weather and release of H₂O₂ ^∗	Healthy subjects	Races on treadmill at 75–80% HR_max at ~18°C and ~−15°C (~50 min)	EBC	PE: ↑ [H₂O₂] and ↑ rate of H₂O₂ release in both temperatures

Maroun et al. 1995 [75]	Physical condition and release of eNO during exercise	Healthy sedentary subjects (S), active subjects (Ac), and athletes (A)	Cycle-ergometries in steady-state at 1 and 2 L/min of VO₂ only performing an additional one at 4 L/min of VO₂	EB	PE: ↓ eNO at >VO₂ in S and Ac; ↑ lineal of VNO with ↑ VO₂ in A

Mercken et al. 2005 [76]	Exercise-induced oxidative stress in COPD^∗	COPD patients and healthy control subjects (C)	Incremental cycle-ergometry exercise test until exhaustion and submaximal constant work rate exercise test (60% maximal power output)	EBC	PE: ↑ [H₂O₂] in maximal but not in submaximal exercise in C

Mercken et al. 2009 [77]	Pulmonary oxidative stress by endurance exercise in COPD and healthy subjects^∗	COPD patients and healthy control subjects	Cycle-ergometry on one leg at 40% of maximum power output (20 min)	EBC	PE: ↑ [H₂O₂] in COPD patients but not in healthy control subjects

Morici et al. 2004 [78]	VE during exercise and inflammation in the AWs	Young rowers	Maximal run of 1000 m on the rower ergometer (~3 min)	IS	DE: ↑ tendency in epithelial cells at a higher VE PE: ↑ MØ with both ↑ VE/kg and ↑ VT/kg

Nowak et al. 2001 [79]	Prooxidants and oxidative damage by moderate exercise	Healthy subjects	Cycle-ergometer exercise test at 120 W during 6 min or until a HR of 120 bpm is reached	EBC	PE: with no changes in [H₂O₂] and [TBARs]

Nadziakiewicz et al. 2006 [80]	Effects of the physical activity on eNO levels in healthy subjects and in CAD patients^∗	CAD patients and healthy control subjects smokers and nonsmokers	Bruce protocol exercise test	EB	PE: without changes in eNO in healthy control subjects nonsmokers

Pedersen et al. 2009 [81]	Inflammation in the AWs after 1-exercise session	High performance swimmers	Swimming in indoor-swimming pool at moderate intensity (45 min) whose average heart rate was 162 bpm	EBC and IS, EB	PE: no changes in the cellular composition in IS, eNO in EB, nor pH in EBC of swimmers

Pogliaghi et al. 1997 [82]	VNO after modifying pulmonary blood flow with head-out water immersion or increased gravity at rest and during exercise^∗	Nonsmokers and healthy subjects who underwent air with normal conditions, water immersion, or increased gravity (1 Gz or 2 Gz)	Incremental cycle-ergometry test, loading was increased progressively by 50 W every 3 min until voluntary exhaustion	EB	DE: ↓ eNO and ↑ VNO in all groups

Pucsok et al. 2007 [83]	Lung PGE₂ and TXB₂ and exercise	Judo competitors	Incremental run on treadmill until VO₂max is reached (run time was not recorded)	EBC	PE: ↑ [PGE₂] and ↑ [TXB₂] in ♂, but not in ♀

Riediker and Danuser 2007 [84]	Low-intensity physical activity and pH	Healthy subjects	Walk on treadmill at 60% HR_max predicted with 1 min pause every 10 min (~30 min)	EBC	PE: ↑ pH

Riley et al. 1997 [85]	NO production in patients with abnormalities of the pulmonary circulation^∗	PPH (primary pulmonary hypertension), PF (pulmonary fibrosis), and normal subjects group	Maximal (20 W/min in the normal subjects and 15 W/min in the PF patients and individual estimated exercise tolerance in PPH patients) and submaximal constant work rate cycle-ergometry exercise test (work rate VO₂ midway between each patient's anaerobic threshold and VO₂max)	EB	DE: ↓ eNO and ↑ VNO in normal subjects at peak exercise in maximal and constant work rate exercise test

Rolla et al. 2003 [86]	Relationship between eNO and exercise tolerance in patients with moderate MS^∗	Patients with moderate MS and healthy control subjects (C)	Symptom-limited incremental exercise test with an upright cycle-ergometer (25 W every 3 min until exhaustion)	EB	DE: ↓ eNO and ↑ VNO in all groups at the end of exercise

Shin et al. 2003 [87]	Relationship between exercise and NO exchange	Nonsmoking healthy adults	High-intensity exercise treadmill test at 90% of the predicted maximum heart rate (220 − age in years) for 20 min	EB	PE: ↑ VNO

St Croix et al. 1999 [88]	Effect of exercise on endogenous NO formation by measuring eNO at a constant airflow rate	Healthy, nonasthmatic, and nonsmoking subjects	3 min of constant-load cycle-ergometry exercise test at three different exercise intensities corresponding to 30%, 60%, and 90% VO₂max	EB	PE: ↓ eNO and ↑ VNO for all intensities of exercise in healthy subjects

Therminarias et al. 1998 [89]	Exercise in cold air on eNO and VNO^∗	Highly trained subjects (cross-country skiers, triathlon, and running)	Incremental cycloergometry to exhaustion in a climate chamber at +22°C and −10°C (~30 min)	EB	DE: ↓ eNO with the ↑ of the intensity >60 W in +22°C and ↑ VNO with the ↑ of the intensity >30 W in both temperatures

Trolin et al. 1994 [90]	eNO and VNO during exercise	Healthy subjects	Moderately heavy exercise on a cycloergometer (♀: 90 W for women and ♂: 150 W for ♂)	EB	DE: ↓ eNO

Tufvesson et al. 2013 [91]	Relationship between CC16 levels in plasma and urine after exercise with exhaled breath temperature and eNO^∗	Asthmatic and healthy control subjects	During first six minutes speed and slope were adjusted to maintain the heart rate subject to 90% of their theoretical maximum heart rate (220 − age); the next two minutes were adjusted again to reach maximum effort	EB	PE: ↓ eNO in both groups

Verges et al. 2006 [92]	Effect of prolonged exercise on the NO concentration in the lung	Nonsmokers undertaking a moderate to intense training program participated in the study	100 min exercise test was performed on a cycle-ergometer (5 min of rest, 30 min warm-up at 25% P _max⁡, 10 min at 60% P _max⁡, 2 min at 25% P _max⁡ repeated five times (S1 to S5), and 10 min of active recovery at 25% P _max⁡)	EB	DE: ↓ eNO for all exercise sessions (WU, S1 to S5, and active recovery)

Wetter et al. 2002 [93]	EIAH and pulmonary inflammation^∗	Endurance athletes with EIAH who used anti-inflammatory or placebo	Maximal incremental run on treadmill to exhaustion (~18 min)	IS	PE: with no PMNs, lymphocytes, nor MØ; ↑ [Histamine] in placebo

Yasuda et al. 1997 [94]	To examine the origin and role of eNO during exercise	Healthy control subjects	Two sets of 10 minutes in a cycle-ergometer (5 min without load and 5 minutes with 60 W and 60 RPM) separated, with 15 minutes between them	EB	DE: with no changes in eNO

Zietkowski et al. 2010 [95]	To assess the possible association of EIB with low-grade systemic inflammation in asthmatic patients^∗	Asthmatics (14 with EIB, 10 without EIB) and healthy volunteers	Cycle-ergometer test for 9 min with a fixed workload adjusted to increase the heart rate to 85% of the maximum predicted for the age of each patient	EBC	PE: with no changes in hs-PCR in healthy volunteers

AWs: airways; BALF: bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; CAD: coronary artery disease; CC16: Clara cell secretory protein; CHF: chronic heart failure; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Cys-Lts: cysteinyl leukotrienes; EB: exhaled breath; EBC: exhaled breath condensate; EIAH: exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia; EIB: exercise-induced bronchoconstriction; eNO: exhaled nitric oxide; FE_NO: fractional exhaled nitric oxide; HCO₃ ⁻: bicarbonate; H₂O₂: hydrogen peroxide; HRmax: maximum heart rate; IFN-γ: interferon gamma; IFN-γ-induced protein-10: interferon-gamma-induced protein-10; IL-12p70, IL-4, IL-8, and IL-10: interleukin-12p70, interleukin-4, interleukin-8, and interleukin-10; IS: induced sputum; L-NMMA: N-monomethyl-L-arginine; L-lactate: lactate; LTB₄: leukotriene B₄; LTE₄: leukotriene E₄; MØ: macrophages; MAS: maximal aerobic speed; MS: mitral stenosis; MDA: malondialdehyde; MPO: myeloperoxidase; MASL: meters above sea level; NaCLO: sodium hypochlorite; NO₂ ⁻: nitrite; NO output: nitric oxide output (eNO × VE); PGE₂: prostaglandin E₂; P _max: maximal power output; RANTES: regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed, and secreted; TBARs: thiobarbituric acid reactive species; TNF(-α): tumor necrosis factor (alpha); TXB₂: thromboxane B2; Se: selenium; VE: minute ventilation; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; VNO: volume of nitric oxide; VO₂max: oxygen uptake (maximal); VT: tidal volume. In “Oxidative or inflammatory main results,” DE: during exercise and PE: postexercise. In “Aim,” ^∗the effect of exercise was not the primary aim of the study.