(b).
| Author, year | Aim | Sample characteristics | Exercise protocols | Samples obtained | Oxidative or inflammatory main results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altan et al. 2009 [117] | SOD activity and [TBARs] postadaptation by training in altitude∗ | Wistar albino rats divided into trained in hypobaria (THb) and normobaria (TNb) and nontrained in hypobaria (Hb) and normobaria (Nb) | Comparison of baseline samples between groups trained with swimming (T: 5 at 30 min/day/for 4 days/week for 9 weeks) or nontrained and exposed or not to simulated altitude of 3000 MASL (E: 120 min/day for 4 days/week for 9 weeks) | Lung tissue | PT: >SOD activity in TNb in comparison to Nb; no differences in [TBARS] for the same groups |
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| Asami et al. 1998 [118] | DNA oxidative damage by chronic exercise | Sprague-Dawley rats with spontaneous (S), forced (F) exercise and sedentary control rats (C) | Comparison of baseline samples among rats with spontaneous exercise (wheel), trained on treadmill (T: 30–90 min/day for 25 days), and control rats | Lung tissue | PT: >[8-OH-dG] in F in comparison to S; the DNA oxidative damage was related to the exercise intensity |
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| Aydin et al. 2009 [119] | Long period of dietary restriction and stress produced by high intensity swimming∗ | Sprague-Dawley rats with restricted diet (RD) or ad libitum (AL), grouped in trained (+T), exercised (+E), and sedentary control rats (C) | Comparison of baseline samples of RD and AL in +T (T: 8 weeks of swimming with 2% BW as extra load during ~50–80 min), PE in +E (E: swimming until exhaustion), and baseline C | Lung tissue | PT: <GSH activity and >GSH-Px of AL+T compared to ALC; <LPO, >GSH, and GSH-Px in AL+E that AL+T PE: ↑ [MDA], ↓ [GSH], ↓ GR activity, and ↑ GSH-Px of AL+E compared to ALC (acute effects) |
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| Chimenti et al. 2007 [120] | Epithelial remodeling, inflammatory cells, and apoptosis in the AWs after chronic exercise | Trained Swiss mice (T) and sedentary control mice (C) | Comparison of baseline samples among trained mice (T: 5 d/week for 6 wk at moderate to high intensity) | Lung tissue | PT: >apoptosis, >proliferation, >loss of hair cells, and infiltration of leukocytes in the AWs in T versus C |
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| da Cunha et al. 2013 [121] | Chronic exercise on oxidative stress and NF-кβ/p65 pulmonary immunocontent of rats with lung injury | Trained Wistar rats (T) and nontrained control rats (C) | Comparison of baseline samples among rats trained on treadmill (T: 20 min at 60% VO2max during 24 days in 3 months) | BALF and lung tissue | PT: >pulmonary catalase activity in T versus C; there are no changes in [TBARs], carbonyls, dichlorofluorescein, [NO2 −], and NF-кβ/p65 in the lung |
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| Gündüz et al. 2004 [122] | Oxidant and antioxidant systems in rats organs after a year of training∗ | Wistar albino rats grouped in young control rats (YC), aged control rats (AC), and aged rats-training (AT) | Comparison of baseline samples between AT in swimming (T: 1 h/day for 5 days/week for 1 year) with YC and AC | Lung tissue | PT: >SOD activity and >GSH-Px in AT in comparison to AC; no difference of [TBARs] between the same groups |
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| Lee et al. 2013 [123] | Administration of a ginseng intestinal metabolite (IH901) and exercise-induced oxidative stress in trained rat∗ | Sprague-Dawley rats divided into resting control (RC), training control (EC), resting with IH901 consumption, or exercise with IH901 consumption groups | Training was carried out during 8 weeks on a treadmill; two weeks with 0% inclination and 25 cm/sec; then 2 weeks with 10% and 30 cm/sec; then 4 weeks with 15% and 35 cm/sec | Lung tissue | PT: ↑ TBARs and ↑ protein carbonyls in EC versus RC |
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| Menegali et al. 2009 [124] | Therapeutic effects of physical exercise on histological and oxidative stress markers in animals exposed to cigarette smoke∗ | Old C57BL-6 mice divided into control (C), training (T), cigarette smoke (CS), and cigarette smoke plus training (CS+E) groups | Training groups swam for 10 min/day during one habituation week; then they performed a swimming program 5 days/week for 8 weeks | Lung tissue | PT: ↑ SOD and ↑ CAT activity in E versus C |
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| Olivo et al. 2014 [125] | Moderate aerobic exercise training prior to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection influences pulmonary inflammatory responses∗ | BALB/c mice divided into sedentary untreated (SU), sedentary infected (SI), aerobic trained untreated (ATU), and aerobic trained infected groups (ATI) | Comparison between SU and ATU during 4 weeks after an individual maximal exercise capacity test was performed (0.1 km/h every 2.5 min, 25% inclination); training was for 60 min/day, 5 days/wk for 4 wk at 50% of the maximal speed | BALF and lung tissue | PT: ↑ CuZn-SOD and ↑ Mn-SOD expression in lung parenchyma of ATU versus SU after an individual maximal exercise capacity test |
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| Reis Gonçalves et al. 2012 [15] | Chronic aerobic exercise on pulmonary inflammation, cytokine, and antioxidant enzymes in animal model of acute pulmonary damage∗ | Trained BALB/c mice | Comparison of samples before and after a low intensity training on treadmill (T: 50% of MS for 60 min/d, 3 d/week for 5 weeks) | BALF, EB, and lung tissue | PT: with no changes in leukocytes, [IL-6], [IL-10], nor [TNF-α] in BALF; with no changes in [NO] in EB; ↑ expression of IL-6 and Mn-SOD in the lung, but no changes of activity of GSH-Px and GR in the lung |
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| Toledo et al. 2012 [126] | Regular physical exercise in an experimental mouse model exposed to cigarette smoke∗ | C57BL/6 mice divided into control mice (C), trained (T), exposed to cigarette smoke (Sk), and Sk plus T (Sk+T) | Comparison of baseline samples in T at moderate intensity on treadmill (T: 50% MS for 60 min/d, 5 d/week for 24 weeks) | BALF and lung tissue | PT: <[ROS] in BALF of En compared to C; >GSH-Px activity, but not of Mn-SOD nor CuZn-SOD in lungs of T compared to C; with no changes in the expression of IL-1ra, TNF-α, and IL-10 between T and C |
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| Yang 2011 [127] | Chronic exercise and expression of cytokines related to inflammation in the lung tissue | Old male Sprague-Dawley rats, group with trained rats (T) and sedentary control rats (C) | Comparison of baseline samples between rats trained on treadmill (T: 25 m/min for 120 min/day for 1 week) and control rats | Lung tissue | >expression of mRNA for TNF-α and IL-4 and <expression of mRNA for IFN-γ of group T versus C |
BALF: bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; BW: body weight; DEP: diesel exhaust particles; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; EB: exhaled breath; 8-OH-dG: 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine; GR: glutathione reductase; GSH: glutathione reduced; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; IFN-γ: interferon gamma; IL-1ra, IL-4, IL-6, or IL-10: interleukin-1ra, interleukin-4, interleukin-6, or interleukin-10; LPO: lipid peroxidation; MDA: malondialdehyde; MS: maximal speed; mRNA: messenger RNA; MS: maximal speed; NF-кβ/p65: factor nuclear kappa-β/p65; NO: nitric oxide; NO2 −: nitrite; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CuZn-SOD: copper-zinc-superoxide dismutase; Mn-SOD: manganese-superoxide dismutase; TBARs: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In “Oxidative or inflammatory main results,” PE: postexercise and PT: posttraining. In “Aim,” ∗the effect of exercise was not the primary object.