Table 2.

Pharmacological intervention and the interference in the tissue regeneration process after use of adult stem cells for treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Drug	Therapeutic class	Pharmacological action	Interference in regenerative process	Reference
Simvastatin	Statin	Antidyslipidemic and antiatherosclerotic	Improvement of local microenvironment, promotes cell survival (in vivo)	Yang et al. [25] Yang et al. [26] Cai et al. [27]
Atorvastatin	Statin	Antidyslipidemic and antiatherosclerotic	Increase in circulating EPC (humans), neovascularization	Vasa et al. [28]
			Antiapoptotic effect (in vivo)	Qiu et al. [29]
Aspirin	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory	Antiplatelet agent	Inhibits cell proliferation (in vitro), induces apoptosis Lowers circulating EPC level (humans)	Wang et al. [30] Deng et al. [31] Lou et al. [32]
Carvedilol	Beta-blocker	Antihypertensive, other actions	Antiapoptotic and antioxidant effects (in vitro and in vivo)	Hassan et al. [33]
Candesartan	Angiotensin receptor blocker	Potent vasoconstrictor	Increases cardiomyogenic transdifferentiation (in vitro and in vivo)	Numasawa et al. [34]
Pioglitazone	Antidiabetic	Glycemic control	Increases cardiomyogenic transdifferentiation (in vivo)	Shinmura et al. [35]

EPC, endothelial progenitor cell.