Table 1.

Properties of the main antioxidant therapeutics.

Components of standard heart failure therapy that possess antioxidant properties
ACEi, ARBs, ARNi, antialdosterone drugs: interference with RAAS signaling
Carvedilol: β1- and β2-adrenergic receptor blocker that also increase NO production or decrease inactivation
β3AR agonists: enhancement of myocardial β3-adrenergic coupling with NO-cGMP signaling
ARNi: enhancement of NPs/cGMP/PKG pathway
Drugs with redox effect that are not mainstream therapeutic approach in heart failure
PDE5 inhibition and BH4 supplementation: potentiating NO/cGMP/PKG signaling
Statins: NADPH oxidase inhibitors
Allopurinol: xanthine oxidases inhibitor
Ranolazine: inhibitor of elevated late INa
MAO inhibitors: blunting ROS production from MAOs
Novel therapeutic compounds that target ROS/RNS signaling pathways
SS-31 (MTP-131, Bendavia): direct action on mitochondrial function
Resveratrol: preservation of the LKB1-AMPK-eNOS signaling axis
HNO donors: improving Ca2+ cycling and myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity

ARNi: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor.

AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase.

NPs: natriuretic peptides.