Table 1.
Baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics of 125 patients hospitalized with dengue
| Characteristics | All dengue cases | The 2009 WHO dengue case definitions | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Severe dengue | Non-severe dengue | ||||||
| n | No. (%) | n | No. (%) | n | No. (%) | ||
| Baseline characteristics | |||||||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 125 | 24.0 (19.0–36.0) | 20 | 36.5 (20.2–50.5) | 105 | 23.0 (19.0–33.5) | 0.010c |
| Sex, female | 125 | 57 (45.6) | 20 | 11 (55.0) | 105 | 46 (43.8) | 0.499a |
| Residential area, Bangkok | 125 | 104 (83.2) | 20 | 18 (90.0) | 105 | 86 (81.9) | 0.523b |
| Clinical symptoms | |||||||
| Fever (days), median (IQR) | 125 | 4.0 (3.0–5.0) | 20 | 5.0 (4.0–6.0) | 105 | 4.0 (3.0–5.0) | 0.003c |
| Myalgia | 125 | 114 (91.2) | 20 | 19 (95.0) | 105 | 95 (90.5) | 1.000b |
| Headache | 125 | 109 (87.2) | 20 | 17 (85.0) | 105 | 92 (87.6) | 0.720b |
| Lethargy | 125 | 94 (75.2) | 20 | 18 (90.0) | 105 | 76 (72.4) | 0.155b |
| Nausea | 125 | 88 (70.4) | 20 | 14 (70.0) | 105 | 74 (70.5) | 1.000a |
| Retro-orbital pain | 125 | 80 (64.0) | 20 | 11 (55.0) | 105 | 69 (65.7) | 0.509a |
| Abdominal pain | 125 | 53 (42.4) | 20 | 9 (45.0) | 105 | 44 (41.9) | 0.992a |
| Arthralgia | 125 | 41 (32.8) | 20 | 9 (45.0) | 105 | 32 (30.5) | 0.313a |
| Persistent vomiting | 125 | 20 (16.0) | 20 | 8 (40.0) | 105 | 12 (11.4) | 0.004b |
| Physical examinations | |||||||
| Temperature (°C), median (IQR) | 125 | 38.5 (37.8–39.2) | 20 | 38.5 (37.7–39.0) | 105 | 38.5 (37.8–39.2) | 0.580c |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg), median (IQR) | 125 | 86 (78–92) | 20 | 84 (70–93) | 105 | 86 (78–92) | 0.522c |
| Heart rate (beats/min), median (IQR) | 125 | 80 (66–90) | 20 | 83 (70–91) | 105 | 79 (66–90) | 0.457c |
| Respiratory rate (breaths/min), median (IQR) | 125 | 22 (20–22) | 20 | 22 (20–24) | 105 | 20 (18–22) | 0.019c |
| Tourniquet test, positive | 125 | 106 (84.8) | 20 | 15 (75.0) | 105 | 91 (86.7) | 0.187b |
| Rash | 125 | 55 (44.0) | 20 | 9 (45.0) | 105 | 46 (43.8) | 1.000a |
| Mucosal bleeding | 125 | 53 (42.4) | 20 | 14 (70.0) | 105 | 39 (37.1) | 0.013a |
| Skin bleeding | 125 | 35 (28.0) | 20 | 13 (65.0) | 105 | 22 (21.0) | <0.001a |
| Liver span of >15 cm | 125 | 29 (23.2) | 20 | 12 (60.0) | 105 | 17 (16.2) | <0.001b |
| Clinical fluid accumulation | 125 | 25 (20.0) | 20 | 15 (75.0) | 105 | 10 (9.5) | <0.001b |
| Confirmation tests for dengue | |||||||
| Dengue RT-PCR, positive | 125 | 79 (63.2) | 20 | 15 (75.0) | 105 | 64 (61.0) | 1.000b |
| Serotypes 1 or 4 | 79 | 22 (27.8) | 15 | 4 (26.7) | 64 | 18 (28.1) | |
| Serotypes 2 or 3 | 79 | 57 (72.2) | 15 | 11 (73.3) | 64 | 46 (71.9) | |
| Dengue ELISA, positive | 125 | 119 (95.2) | 20 | 20 (100) | 105 | 99 (94.3) | 0.526b |
| Primary dengue infection | 119 | 4 (3.4) | 20 | 1 (5.0) | 99 | 3 (3.0) | |
| Secondary dengue infection | 119 | 115 (96.6) | 20 | 19 (95.0) | 99 | 96 (97.0) | |
| Complete blood counts | |||||||
| Hemoglobin, median (IQR), g/dL | 125 | 13.8 (12.8–14.9) | 20 | 13.9 (12.7–16.7) | 105 | 13.8 (12.8–14.9) | 0.540c |
| Hematocrit, median (IQR), % | 125 | 41.6 (38.1–44.4) | 20 | 40.7 (37.1–48.9) | 105 | 41.6 (38.4–44.4) | 0.882c |
| WBC, median (IQR), ×103/μL | 125 | 3.0 (2.2–4.8) | 20 | 3.6 (2.1–6.8) | 105 | 3.0 (2.2–4.6) | 0.324c |
| Platelet counts, median (IQR), ×103/μL | 125 | 78.0 (48.0–127.0) | 20 | 41.5 (11.2–63.5) | 105 | 90.0 (56.0–145.5) | <0.001c |
| Blood biochemistry | |||||||
| Creatinine, median (IQR), mg/dL | 125 | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 20 | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 105 | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) | 0.859c |
| Albumin, median (IQR), g/dL | 125 | 4.2 (3.9–4.5) | 20 | 3.6 (3.1–4.2) | 105 | 4.3 (4.0–4.5) | <0.001c |
| AST, median (IQR), IU/L | 125 | 94 (38–202) | 20 | 228 (162–760) | 105 | 71 (36–156) | <0.001c |
| ALT, median (IQR), IU/L | 125 | 65 (22–148) | 20 | 172 (114–415) | 105 | 46 (18–102) | <0.001c |
| Lactate level, median (IQR), mmol/L | 125 | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | 20 | 2.7 (1.8–3.1) | 105 | 1.4 (1.2–1.8) | <0.001c |
| Duration of hospitalization (days), median (IQR) | 125 | 3.9 (2.8–5.0) | 20 | 4.8 (2.9–9.8) | 105 | 3.7 (2.7–4.9) | 0.012c |
aChi-square test; bFisher’s exact test; cMann-Whitney U test; WHO World Health Organization; IQR interquartile range; RT-PCR reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; WBC white blood cell count; AST aspartate aminotransferase; ALT alanine aminotransferase