Table 3.

NMPO across studies

		Operationalization of NMPO
First author/ year	Stated NMPOa concept	Diagnosis-based measure	Number of providers and pharmacies	Prescription-fill based measure	Urine toxicology	Exclusions	Data source(s)
Braker 200927	Potential Rxb opioid misuse	–	Received ≥3 opioid Rxs from ≥2 providers; ≥6 opioid Rxs within 6-monthsc	Yes/no record of opioid Rx	–	Pts d receiving short terms pharmacotherapy and those with cancer diagnosis	Publicly funded insurance: Upper Peninsula Health Plan (Medicaid MCO e) patients from a single family medicine practice
Leider 201128	Non-adherence among chronic opioid users	–	–	120 days of a qualifying opioid within 6-months	Medication match and levels within expected ranges	Pts not matched to controls were excluded	Publicly funded insurance: Medicare advantage, and Medicaid plans; independent database of urine drug testing results
Logan 201329	Potential opioid misuse/ inappropriate Rx practices	–	–	Opioid Rxs overlapping ≥1 week; overlapping opioid and benzodiazepine Rxs; long-acting/ extended- release opioids for acute pain f; or ≥100 morphine milligram equivalent/ day	–	Pts not continuously enrolled in their plans for 1 year and those receiving opioid Rx for cancer pain	Commercial insurance: MarketScan® Commercial Claims and Encounter Database prepared by Truven Health
Rice 201213	Rx opioid abuse	304.0X (opioid-type dependence), 304.7X (combinations of opioid-type dependence with any other drug dependence), 305.5X (nondependent opioid abuse), and 965.0 (poisoning by opiates/related narcotics)	–	Yes/no record of opioid Rx	–	Pts with heroin poisoning	Commercial insurance: Administrative claims data from a privately insured population (Ingenix Employer Solutoins, Eden Prarie, MN, USA)
Roland 201330	Diagnosed Rx opioid abuse	304.0X, 304.7X, 305.5X, 965.00, 965.02 (methadone poisoning), and 965.09 (opiates poisoning not elsewhere classified)	–	–	–	No exclusions	Publicly funded and commercial insurance: MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters and Medicare Supplemental databases (Thomson Reuters®)
Sullivan 2010 31	Probable opioid misuse among chronic opioid users g	–	Number of prescribers (≤2, 3–4, ≥5); number of pharmacies (≤ 2, 3–4, ≥5)	Days of short acting opioids (91–185, 186–240, >240) and days of long acting opioids (91–185, 186–240, >240) within 6-months	–	Pts with cancer diagnosis (other than non-melanoma skin cancer), living in nursing homes, receiving hospice treatment,	Publicly funded and commercial insurance: HealthCore and Arkansas Medicaid
White 200910	Rx opioid abuse	304.0, 304.7, 305.5, or 965.0	–	Yes/no record of opioid Rx	–	Pts with heroin poisoning	Commercial insurance: Maine Health Data Organization

^aNMPO=Non-medical use of prescription opioids.

^bRx=Prescription.

^cA misuse score was generated based on individual variables predicting ≥6 opioid Rx within a 6 month period among those who had received ≥3 Rxs from ≥2 providers.

^dPt=Patient.

^eMCO=Managed Care Organization.

^fSee Leider et al. Table 2 footnote for definition and list of ICD-9 codes for conditions included as acute pain.

^gComposite misuse scores were generated and categorized: no misuse (≤ 1), possible misuse (2–4), and probable misuse (≥5).