Table 1.

Overview: Cancer types, autoantibodies detected, treatment and outcomes for CAR

Author Year	Malignancy	Symptoms	Autoantibodies	Therapy	Course
Thirkill CE 1989 13	Small‐cell lung cancer	Progressive loss of vision in both eyes 20/50 OD 20/100 OS	No AB reported	Plasmapheresis	No improvement
Ohnishi Y 1993 14	Small‐cell lung cancer	Right eye with ring scotomas	Recoverin Arrestin	Prednisone	Mild improved vision
Adamus G. 1998 15	Endometrial cancer	Loss of color vision in OS and blurring vision in OD. Visual acuity was 20/70 OD and counting fingers OS	Recoverin	Methylprednisolone and immunomodulator drug	Visual acuity stabilized at hand motions
Whitcup SM 1998 16	Benign Warthin tumor of the left parotid gland	Progressive vision loss in both eyes	Recoverin	Systemic prednisone treatment	Visual acuity diminished to no light perception
Yoon YH 1999 17	Ovarian cancer	Sense of darkness in both eyes 20/25 OD 20/30 OS	α‐enolase	Prednisolone p.o.	Visual acuity diminished to movement perception
Guy J 1999 18	Pat. 1 Adenocarcinoma of the lung Pat. 2 Adenocarcinoma of the cervix Pat. 3 Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas	Pat. 1 Rapid progressive visual loss Pat. 2 Blindness Pat. 3 Loss of vision in the right eye	Pat. 1 enolase Pat. 2 recoverin Pat. 3 enolase	Immunoglobulin i.v.	Pat. 1 Marked visual field improvement, visual acuity maintained at 20/50 OD and 20/40 OS. Pat. 2 No improvements Pat. 3 Improvements in visual field defects
Jacobsen D 2000 9	Adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon	Progressive visual glare in both eyes	No anti‐retinal antibodies	No CAR‐specific therapy	Improved retinal function
Raghunath A 2010 19	Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the fallopian tube	Progressive worsening of vision in both eyes. Best visual acuity 20/25 OD, 20/60 OS	Carbonic anhydrase II α‐enolase	No CAR‐specific therapy	Visual acuity in follow up 20/30 OD, 20/40 OS
Cybulska P 2011 20	Clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium	Dimmed vision in both eyes with best corrected visual acuity 20/150 in both eyes	No AB reported	Five sessions plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin plus intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection OS	Vision deteriorated to light perception only
Huynh N 2012 21	Poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the lung	Decreased vision, photopsias and nyctalopia in both eyes	α‐enolase	Serial intravitreal injections of triamcinolone	Vision preserved at 20/40 OD and 20/32 OS
Chao D 2013 10	Colon adenocarcinoma	Progressive bilateral constriction of visual fields 20/60 OD 20/25 OS	α‐enolase α‐transducin	No CAR‐specific therapy	Visual acuity improved 20/30 OS 20/25 OS
Ogra S 2013 22	Carcinoid tumor of the small bowel	Progressive blurring of vision and nyctalopia in both eyes	Carbonic anhydrase II α‐enolase	n/a	Pat. died 1 month after diagnosis of CAR from small bowel obstruction
Michiyuki S 2014 23	Small‐cell lung carcinoma	Progressive central vision loss OD and bilateral neuroretinits	Recoverin α‐enolase CRMP‐5	Prednisolone oral	Optic disk swelling disappeared
Turaka K 2014 24	Immature teratoma of the ovary	Diminished vision in both eyes	Arrestin	Methylprednisolone i.v. along with i.v. immunoglobulins and rituximab, followed by systemic prednisolone and biweekly intravenous immunoglobulins and rituximab for 3 months	Each eye with improvement in color vision
Nakamura T 2015 25	Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung	Rapid visual disorder in the dark, photophobia and impaired visual field. Visual acuities for both eyes 20/20	No anti‐retinal antibodies	No CAR‐specific therapy	Visual function was stable
Javaid Z 2015 26	Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia	Unilateral blurred vision, disturbance in color and night vision and central sparing with residual VF islands of OS	No AB reported	Periocular steroid injections	Visual acuity remained stable