Table 1.
Cohort demographics and metabolic characteristics stratified by overweight/obese type and metabolic health status: Cameron County Health Cohort Study (2003–2014)1,2.
| Variable | Metabolically healthy | Metabolically unhealthy | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Normal weight | Overweight/obese | Normal weight | Overweight/obese | ||
| (n = 3247) | (n = 475, 14.63%) | (n = 1594, 49.09%) | (n = 72, 2.22%) | (n = 1106, 34.06%) | ||
| Categorical variables, n (%) | ||||||
| Men | 1108 (34.11) | 139 (28.64) | 544 (38.09) | 25 (33.75) | 400 (33.63) | 0.054 |
| Employed | 1618 (49.83) | 242 (50.95) | 822 (51.57) | 25 (34.72) | 529 (47.83) | 0.03 |
| Education, below high school | 1693 (52.14) | 195 (41.05) | 813 (51.00) | 37 (51.39) | 648 (58.59) | <0.0001 |
| Met minimum recommendations for physical activity of ≥ 600 MET-minutes/week | 337 (10.38) | 48 (10.11) | 192 (12.05) | 1 (1.39) | 96 (8.68) | 0.02 |
| Met recommendations of ≥ 5 servings of fruit and vegetables per day | 113 (3.48) | 9 (1.89) | 67 (4.20) | 4 (5.56) | 33 (2.98) | 0.32 |
| Current smokers | 495 (15.24) | 64 (13.47) | 222 (13.93) | 14 (19.44) | 195 (17.63) | 0.02 |
| Ever smokers | 984 (30.3) | 119 (25.05) | 478 (29.99) | 21 (29.17) | 366 (33.09) | 0.0003 |
| Ever alcohol drinkers | 1230 (37.88) | 186 (39.16) | 601 (37.70) | 20 (27.78) | 423 (38.25) | 0.79 |
| Family history of diabetes | 1749 (53.87) | 165 (34.74) | 876 (54.96) | 41 (56.94) | 667 (60.31) | <0.0001 |
| Continuous variables, mean (SE) | ||||||
| Age at enrollment (years) | 46.00 (0.68) | 40.59 (1.90) | 44.57 (0.78) | 53.96 (3.04) | 49.80 (1.27) | <0.0001 |
| Annual household income (US dollars) | 22360 (872.29) | 19617 (1724.54) | 24563 (1284.32) | 14043 (1351.98) | 20561 (1084.07) | <0.0001 |
| Years of education | 10.41 (0.15) | 11.58 (0.39) | 10.71 (0.17) | 10.24 (0.69) | 9.56 (0.25) | <0.0001 |
| MET minutes/wk. of all activity | 1913.02 (384.71) | 1393.1 (445.87) | 2384.2 (646.06) | 167.15 (107.01) | 1447.24 (591.89) | 0.0002 |
| MET minutes/wk. of moderate and vigorous activity | 1217.83 (154.52) | 1115.31 (261.88) | 1572.37 (274.14) | 67.47 (48.29) | 768.36 (151.68) | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 183.58 (1.14) | 176.41 (2.62) | 182.76 (1.67) | 188.24 (7.55) | 187.66 (1.85) | <0.0001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 162.37 (3.62) | 98.8 (3.25) | 124.83 (3.51) | 195.41 (13.61) | 238.58 (7.11) | <0.0001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 46.45 (0.38) | 53.73 (1.06) | 49.41 (0.44) | 42.67 (1.32) | 39.64 (0.45) | <0.0001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 107.38 (1.00) | 103.14 (2.28) | 109.86 (1.49) | 108.64 (6.82) | 105.83 (1.72) | 0.06 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.99 (0.21) | 22.44 (0.16) | 31.56 (0.24) | 22.53 (0.47) | 34.08 (0.32) | <0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 102.87 (0.47) | 84.69 (0.91) | 103.35 (0.52) | 86.98 (0.91) | 110.3 (0.67) | <0.0001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.93 (0.002) | 0.88 (0.01) | 0.93 (0.003) | 0.89 (0.01) | 0.96 (0.003) | <0.0001 |
| Body fat (%) | 35.59 (0.47) | 25.80 (0.88) | 36.51 (0.65) | 27.69 (3.39) | 38.33 (0.76) | <0.0001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 3.90 (1.04) | 1.48 (1.08) | 2.18 (1.09) | 2.77 (1.27) | 5.75 (1.05) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 116.92 (0.55) | 107.53 (1.38) | 113.3 (0.54) | 126.04 (3.38) | 125.42 (0.99) | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 71.19 (0.32) | 66.24 (1.18) | 70.07 (0.35) | 71.89 (1.51) | 74.83 (0.57) | <0.0001 |
| Insulin (mg/dL)3 | 12.55 (1.02) | 7.69 (1.06) | 11.47 (1.02) | 9.12 (1.14) | 17.29 (1.03) | <0.0001 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)3 | 105.64 (1.01) | 93.69 (1.01) | 101.49 (1.01) | 111.05 (1.06) | 119.10 (1.02) | <0.0001 |
| HOMA IR3 | 3.29 (1.02) | 1.82 (1.07) | 2.89 (1.02) | 2.53 (1.17) | 5.05 (1.03) | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%)3 | 5.53 (1.01) | 5.05 (1.02) | 5.31 (1.01) | 6.23 (1.04) | 5.93 (1.02) | <0.0001 |
1LDL: low-density lipoprotein; Hb: hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HOMA IR: homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance; MET: metabolic equivalent.
2All descriptive results and the models were adjusted for the probability of sampling using weights taking into consideration clustering effects arising from the same census block and household. Linear regression models were used for continuous variables and Rao-Scott F adjusted chi-square statistic for categorical variables.
3Geometric concentrations.