Table 3.
Cancer incidence according to HbA1c level and diabetes status in men
| HbA1c levels in participants without known diabetes | Participants with known diabetes | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c <5.0% (<31 mmol/mol) | HbA1c 5.0–5.5% (32–36 mmol/mol) | HbA1c 5.5–6.0% (37–41 mmol/mol) | HbA1c 6.0–6.5% (42–47 mmol/mol) | HbA1c ≥6.5% (≥48 mmol/mol) | P for linear trend | P for quadratic trend | |||
| n = 894 | n = 3,038 | n = 4,418 | n = 1,492 | n = 510 | n = 984 | ||||
| Person‐years | 6,968 | 23,638 | 31,686 | 10,282 | 3,449 | 6,923 | |||
| All cancers | No. of events | 113 | 281 | 407 | 171 | 60 | 107 | ||
| Incidence ratea | 16.2 | 11.9 | 12.8 | 16.6 | 17.4 | 15.5 | |||
| Model 1 | 1.43 (1.15–1.79) | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.94–1.28) | 1.43 (1.17–1.75) | 1.53 (1.15–2.03) | 0.021 | 0.073 | 1.27 (1.01–1.59) | |
| Model 2 | 1.42 (1.14–1.77) | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.92–1.26) | 1.39 (1.14–1.70) | 1.43 (1.07–1.91) | 0.063 | 0.080 | 1.25 (0.997–1.58) | |
|
Model 2 + excluding early diagnosis cases (≤3 years) |
1.31 (0.99–1.72) | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.90–1.32) | 1.50 (1.17–1.93) | 1.11 (0.74–1.66) | 0.27 | 0.85 | 1.35 (1.02–1.79) | |
| All cancers excluding liver cancer | No. of events | 100 | 268 | 392 | 167 | 57 | 100 | ||
| Incidence ratea | 14.4 | 11.3 | 12.4 | 16.2 | 16.5 | 14.4 | |||
| Model 1 | 1.33 (1.05–1.68) | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.94–1.29) | 1.47 (1.20–1.80) | 1.54 (1.14–2.06) | 0.006 | 0.28 | 1.24 (0.98–1.57) | |
| Model 2 | 1.31 (1.04–1.66) | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.93–1.27) | 1.43 (1.16–1.75) | 1.45 (1.07–1.95) | 0.019 | 0.29 | 1.24 (0.98–1.57) | |
| Stomach cancer | No. of events | 17 | 45 | 67 | 29 | 7 | 12 | ||
| Incidence ratea | 2.4 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.7 | |||
| Model 1 | 1.27 (0.72–2.22) | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.74–1.63) | 1.54 (0.92–2.58) | 1.11 (0.50–2.47) | 0.63 | 0.93 | 0.92 (0.48–1.77) | |
| Model 2 | 1.22 (0.69–2.14) | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.73–1.60) | 1.44 (0.86–2.42) | 0.93 (0.41–2.09) | 0.97 | 0.72 | 0.81 (0.42–1.57) | |
| Colorectal cancer | No. of events | 12 | 37 | 51 | 24 | 12 | 14 | ||
| Incidence ratea | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 3.5 | 2.0 | |||
| Model 1 | 1.39 (0.69–2.81) | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.65–1.53) | 1.49 (0.89–2.51) | 1.95 (0.99–3.82) | 0.027 | 0.26 | 1.21 (0.64–2.26) | |
| Model 2 | 1.33 (0.66–2.70) | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.65–1.53) | 1.45 (0.86–2.46) | 1.85 (0.93–3.70) | 0.043 | 0.30 | 1.19 (0.63–2.24) | |
| Liver cancer | No. of events | 13 | 13 | 15 | 4 | 3 | 7 | ||
| Incidence ratea | 1.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 1.0 | |||
| Model 1 | 3.73 (1.72–8.08) | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.44–1.96) | 0.87 (0.28–2.69) | 1.61 (0.45–5.70) | 0.11 | 0.002 | 1.78 (0.65–4.86) | |
| Model 2 | 3.96 (1.80–8.73) | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.44–1.96) | 0.79 (0.25–2.46) | 1.29 (0.36–4.70) | 0.074 | 0.002 | 1.74 (0.63–4.85) | |
| Prostate cancer | No. of events | 22 | 76 | 90 | 35 | 10 | 21 | ||
| Incidence ratea | 3.2 | 3.2 | 2.8 | 3.4 | 2.9 | 3.0 | |||
| Model 1 | 1.07 (0.66–1.72) | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.61–1.15) | 1.05 (0.69–1.60) | 1.13 (0.56–2.26) | 0.65 | 0.72 | 0.90 (0.55–1.46) | |
| Model 2 | 1.08 (0.67–1.75) | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.62–1.18) | 1.07 (0.70–1.63) | 1.20 (0.60–2.42) | 0.76 | 0.70 | 0.93 (0.57–1.53) | |
Data are presented as hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) unless otherwise indicated.
Crude incidence rate per 1,000 person‐years.
Model 1 was adjusted for age and public health center area.
Model 2 was further adjusted for body mass index (continuous), smoking status (never smoked, past smoker, or current smoker), sports and physical activity (≥1 day/week or other), alcohol consumption (non‐current drinker, occasional drinker, or current drinker in quartiles of ethanol intake in g/week), energy‐adjusted vegetable intake (quartiles), total energy intake (quartiles), coffee consumption (almost never, 1–2 cups/week, 3–6 cups/week, 1 cup/day, 2–3 cups/day, or ≥ 4 cups/day), and history of cardiovascular disease (coronary heart disease or stroke).