Table 2.

Preclinical studies that used indirect radiopharmaceutical tracking for cell therapies in models of myocardial infarction.

Study reference	Radiopharmaceutical used for cell tracking	Time window of cell injection after lesion induction	Animals	Cell type	Route(s)	Number of cells injected	Time points of analysis after cell therapy
Gyöngyösi et al., 2008 [57]	18F-FHBG	16 days	Pigs	Porcine BM-MSCs	Intravenous	1.1 × 105	30 hours 7, 16, and 23 days
Terrovitis et al., 2008 [58]	124I 99mTc	Immediately	Wistar Kyoto rats	Rat CDCs	Intravenous	2 × 106	1 hour
Lee et al., 2011 [59]	18F-FHBG	30 minutes	Dogs	Canine iPSCs	Intramyocardial	1 × 106	8 hours
Liu et al., 2012 [60]	18F-FHBG	Immediately	SCID Beige mice	Human CDCs	Intramyocardial	1 × 106	1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days
Templin et al., 2012 [62]	123I	Not specified	Pigs	Human iPSCs	Intramyocardial	1 × 108	1 and 5 days and 12-15 weeks
Lan et al., 2012 [61]	18F-FHBG	Immediately	SCID Beige mice	Human CDCs	Intramyocardial	1 × 106	1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days
Yan et al., 2013 [63]	18F-FHBG	10 minutes	Nude mice	Murine BM-MSCs	Intramyocardial	1 × 106	Same day, 3 and 7 days
Pei et al., 2014 [64]	18F-FHBG	Immediately	Sprague-Dawley rats	Rat BM-MSCs	Intramyocardial	5 × 106	2, 3, and 7 days
Lee et al., 2015 [65]	99mTc	7 days	Dogs	Canine ADSCs	Intramyocardial	1 × 107	2 hours and 1, 2, 5, 7, 9, and 12 days

  ¹²³I: iodine-123; ¹²⁴I: iodine-124; ¹⁸F: fluorine-18; ^99mTc: technetium-99m; ADSCs: adipose tissue-derived stem cells; BM-MSCs: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; CDCs: cardiac-derived stem/progenitor cells; FHBG: 9-[4-fluoro-3-(hydroxymethyl)butyl]guanine derivatives; iPSCs: induced pluripotent stem cells; SCID: severe combined immunodeficiency.