Figure 2.

Formation of preconditioning neuroprotective varicosities: (A) immunofluorescent images of neuronal cultures, showing control (a) and the formation of varicosities (b) following ischemic preconditioning using nonharmful oxygen and glucose deprivation for 30 minutes;269 (B) confocal laser microscopy images of stem cell-derived neurons stained with calcein green, showing the formation of varicosities (arrows) within 22 minutes of the application of black widow venom still apparent after 24 hours, but reducing after 48 hours.270